No abstract

Honey bee colonies are often subjected to diseases, nutrition quality, temperature and other stresses depending on environmental and climatic conditions. As a result of malnutrition, the level of Vg protein decreases, leading to overwintering losses. The Vg values must be high for a successful wintering, especially before wintering. If good nutrition is not reached, the long winter period may cause an increase in colony losses. Supplementary feeding is essential for colony sustainability when floral resources are insufficient, as in recent years with the emerging climate changes. Furthermore, quality food sources or nutrients are significant for maintaining honey bee health and longevity. This study examined the changes in HSP 70 and Vg proteins in 6 groups of 48 colonies fed with five different nutrients. The fatty acids that are present in the highest amount in Cistus creticus (Pink rock-rose), Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy) and mixed pollen samples were linoleic, palmitic and cis-9-oleic acids. The highest values in proline, lysine and glutamic acid were determined in C. creticus pollen. Regarding the P. somniferum pollen, the highest values were observed in lysine, proline, glutamic and aspartic acids. The highest values in lysine, proline, leucine and aspartic acid were noticed in mixed pollen. The effect of different feeding on Vg protein in nurse and forager bee samples was higher in the mixed pollen group in the fall period. In nurse bees, the mixed pollen group was followed by Cistus creticus pollen > Papaver somniferum pollen > sugar syrup > commercial bee cake > control group, respectively (p < 0.05). In forager bees, the order was mixed pollen, P. somniferum pollen, C. creticus pollen, commercial bee cake, sugar syrup and control. In the early spring period, the Vg levels were high in the mixed pollen group in the nurse bees and the commercial bee cake group in the forager bees. In the fall period, the HSP 70 value of the forager and nurse bees was the lowest in the C. creticus group (p < 0.05). In early spring, the active period of flora, a statistical difference was found between the treatment groups.

Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'nin 3 farklı ilinden (Konya, Kayseri ve Kastamonu) toplanmış popülasyonlardan 6 yıl boyunca seçilen toplam 36 siyez (Triticum monoccocum L.) ve 49 gernik buğday (Triticum dicoccum L.) hattının morfolojik ve tarımsal özellikler bakımından tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 85 kavuzlu buğday hattı, morfolojik ve tarımsal özellikler yönüyle değerlendirilmek üzere 1 metre uzunluğunda ikişerli sıralar halinde sıra arası 30 cm olacak şekilde Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi'nde yetiştirilmiştir. Morfolojik özellik olarak büyüme şekli (habitusu), başak sıklığı, kavuz rengi, dane rengi, dane büyüklüğü ve danede camsılık oranı incelenmiştir. Tarımsal özellikler bakımından bitki boyu (cm), başak boyu (cm), başakta dane sayısı (adet), başaklanma gün sayısı (gün), m 2 'deki başak sayısı (adet), dane verimi (g m-2), biyolojik verim (g m-2), hasat indeksi (%) ve bin dane ağırlığı (g) incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda türler arasında ve içerisinde özellikle tarımsal özellikler önemli seviyede varyasyon gözlenmiştir. Siyez hatlarının ortalama olarak bitki boyu, başak boyu, m 2 'deki başak sayısı, dane verimi ve bin dane ağırlığı sırasıyla 107.9 cm, 4.9 cm, 751.4 adet m-2 , 311.7 g m-2 ve 21.6 g bulunmuştur. Gernik hatlarının ortalama bitki boyu, başak boyu, m2'deki başak sayısı, dane verimi ve bin dane ağırlığı sırasıyla 101.7 cm, 5.9 cm, 548.9 adet m-2 , 368.1 g m-2 ve 35.9 g olarak saptanmıştır. Elde edilen morfolojik ve tarımsal özellikler araştırmada kullanılan kavuzlu buğday hatlarının ıslah çalışmalarına katkı sağlayabilecek genetik varyasyona sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Extracts of therapeutic plants of nature, such as Ginkgo biloba L. and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P.ginseng) are highly requested. Recently admixtures of these extracts with apitherapy products are also available. In this study, as research materials, P.ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements in the form of tablets, paste, and liquid extracts prepared as a mixture with bee products were compared in terms of their ginsenosides, phenolics, terpene lactones, and antioxidant capacities. Within this study, it was aimed to clarify the active ingredients P.ginseng extracts, Ginkgo biloba L. extracts, and their mixtures with bee products by developing advanced and novel analytical methods. Additionally, it was purposed to unveil the contribution of bee products to phytotherapy supplements of P.ginseng and Ginkgo biloba L. on the basis of secondary metabolites. Ultrasound-assisted hydroalcoholic extraction was applied at sample preparation and supernatants were analyzed at UPLC-MS/MS and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activities were determined using the 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. As a result, total ginsenoside contents of the products per serving were ranged between 9.7 mg to 150.2 mg. Terpene lactones of the ginkgo products were ranged between 0.1 mg to 9.5 mg per serving. The antioxidant activities of all products were determined between 13% and 92%. Quercetin, rutin hydrate, CAPE, kaempferol, galangin, chrysin, gallic acid, pinocembrin, and isorhamnetin were found as the predominant phenolics. Due to their higher antioxidant capacities, superior phenolic concentrations, and diversities, it was enlightened that apitherapy products can augment the phytotherapy efficacies of P.ginseng and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements.