Study findings highlight the importance of further supplementation of knowledge about EBP. The difficulties in using EBP in clinical practice are objective and require changes in the Polish system of nursing care. Additionally, life-long updating knowledge in the area of EBP by participation in various forms of postgraduate education can produce improvements in the knowledge, behaviours and attitudes of nurses in creating a positive EBP profile.

Aim:The purpose of the study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Polish language version of the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire intended for use among Registered Nurses. Design:A cross-sectional study where the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire was administered to a representative group of 3,299 Polish Registered Nurses was carried out between September and November 2017.Methods: Linguistic-cultural adaptation of the ALSAQ was carried out according to the WHO guidelines. The following psychometric properties of the ALSAQ were evaluated: content validity (content validity index), theoretical relevance (exploratory and confirmative factor analysis), unidimensionality of subscales (principal component analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test−retest reliability and criterion validity. Findings:The content validity analysis revealed a need to reduce the original ALSAQ version from 16-23 items. The factor structure of ALSAQ differed from the original version. A three-factor model was better fitted to the data than a four-factor model. The three distinguished subscales (moral processing, self-awareness, and relational transparency) were characterized by unidimensionality. ALSAQ has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84) and test−retest analysis confirmed stability of the measurement for subscales and particular items. Moreover, the ALSAQ-P criterion validity with external variables, being of key importance for shaping the leadership skills (self-efficacy and universal moral foundations) was confirmed. Conclusions: Authentic leadership skills in nursing practice are characterized by their individual specificity, which was indicated in the ALSAQ validation. The ALSAQ can be considered a reliable and valid tool for self-assessment of leadership skills in a group of nursing practitioners. The identified standards help measuring strengths and weaknesses of authentic leadership. K E Y W O R D S authentic leadership, instrument development, linguistic-cultural adaptation, nursing leadership, reproducibility of results

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Occupational stress-related factors among working municipal police officers in Poland have not been examined in the literature. The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the impact of selected work-related factors on occupational stress in active municipal police officers in Warsaw by using configural frequency analysis (CFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 578 participants, which accounted for 55.1% of all municipal police officers in Warsaw. The majority of study participants were men (72%) (mean age 43 years old). Two groups of workplace-related stress factors were analysed in the study: physical conditions and organisational working conditions causing stress. The study was carried out using the PAPI method (Paper-and-Pencil Interviewing), based on a proprietary questionnaire developed for the study. CFA searches for templates and patterns in contingency tables. RESULTS: Municipal police officers who claimed that stress did not affect health, took advantage of psychological/psychiatric advice less often than those who thought so (1.7% vs 10.1%; χ2 = 20.152, df = 2, P = 0.000). Those who declared that they often experienced stress at work were also more prone to claiming that one or two factors affected their level of stress: physical abuse, contact with infectious materials, working at uncomfortable temperatures or working in a noisy environment. In the opinion of the study population, there were some factors which contributed to the occurrence of stress at work, and these factors included: working in a hurry, lack of necessary resources, devices and materials at work, the need to be available at all times and the unpredictability of the work. The municipal police officers from the study population combined two or three methods to cope with stress, such as watching TV, surfing the Internet and talking with their families. CONCLUSION: Due to the specificity of a municipal police officer's occupation, special attention should be paid to the occupational stress risk factors characteristic for this group of professionals, and measures should be taken to reduce the number of stressors. It is important to organise training events devoted to effective methods of coping with stress. There is need to carry out more in-depth studies of occupational stress among municipal police officers.

Introduction. Social competence, i.e. ability to manage themselves in social situations, is highly appreciated by employers and constitutes an important part of professional development of Public Health students. Aim of the study. The study aimed to measure and compare the level of social skills among Public Health students. Material and Method. The study enrolled a total of 110 students of Public Health at the Faculty of Health Science, Warsaw Medical University. The study group comprised the first-year students of the first-cycle programme (n=52) and the second-year students of the second-cycle programme (n=49). A standardized PROKOS questionnaire was used in the study. Diagnostic items made up five sub-scales that measured the following skills: assertive (A), cooperative (K), sociable (T), community-focused (S), and social resourcefulness (Z). The study was voluntary and anonymous and was conducted using a PAPI method. Raw results were referred to the population norms and were expressed as sten scores (1-10). For the comparative analysis, the significance level was established at α< 0.05. Results. The study participants had a very low level of social competence (sten score of 1). In addition, similar results in particular sub-scales were observed, regardless of the cycle of degree programme (U test, p>0.05). However, a relatively best level of competence was found for the S sub-scale (sten score of 4), which, in relation to the population norms, produced scores below average. Conclusions. Owing to the fact that the level of social competence was very low in both groups of Public Health students, courses that would develop skills need to be added to the curricula. There is a need for regular research on assessing the level of social competence among Public Health students in order to ensure and constantly improve the quality of teaching and adequately prepare students for work.

Introduction. Infl uenza is one of the most common infectious diseases and, due to its high prevalence, it constitutes a real and present threat to human life and health globally. Aim. Assessment of knowledge of infl uenza among the fi rst-and second-year students of Nursing at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw Medical University. Material and Methods. A total of 120 nursing students (115 female, 5 male) were enrolled in the study. The study group comprised 57 fi rst-year and 63 second-year students. Mean age of the study group amounted to 25.72 years, and the most frequently reported job tenure was below one year. Results. The largest number of respondents assessed their knowledge of infl uenza as good (4) or quite good (3.5). The mean score of self-assessment of knowledge about infl uenza was approximately 3.68. A prevailing number of the study participants had not been vaccinated against infl uenza in the epidemic season of 2015/2016. More than three-fourths of the study group had not been vaccinated against infl uenza over the last fi ve years. Conclusions. 1) The level of knowledge of infl uenza among the study group of nursing students is insuffi cient. 2) A vast majority of respondents are not vaccinated against infl uenza. 3) There is a need to dedicate more time to the issue of infl uenza in training of nursing students and promote vaccination against infl uenza.KEYWORDS: Prevention of infl uenza, knowledge, students. STRESZCZENIEWstęp. Grypa jest jedną z najczęściej występujących chorób zakaźnych, a ze względu na jej powszechne występowanie stanowi aktualne i realne zagrożenie zdrowia i życia ludzi na całym świecie Cel. Ocena wiedzy studentów I i II roku studiów kierunku pielę-gniarstwo Wydziału Nauki o Zdrowiu Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego na temat grypy. Materiał i metody. Badaniem objęto 120 studentów pielęgniar-stwa (115 kobiet, 5 mężczyzn). Wśród badanej grupy znalazło się 57 studentów I roku studiów oraz 63 studentów II roku. Średnia wieku badanej grupy wyniosła 25,72 lat, a najczęściej deklarowany czas pracy zawodowej wynosił poniżej roku. Wyniki. Najwięcej respondentów oceniło własną wiedzę na temat grypy jako dobrą (4) lub dość dobrą (3,5). Średnia samooceny wiedzy na temat grypy w badanej grupie wyniosła ok. 3,68. Przeważająca liczba ankietowanych nie zaszczepiła się przeciw grypie w ówczesnym sezonie epidemicznym 2015/2016. Ponad trzy czwarte badanej grupy nie szczepiło się wcale w ciągu ostatnich 5 lat. Wnioski. 1) W badanej grupie wiedza studentów pielęgniarstwa na temat grypy jest niewystarczająca. 2) Przeważająca większość badanych studentów nie szczepi się przeciw grypie. 3) Występuje konieczność poszerzenia tematyki dotyczącej grypy w kształceniu studentów pielęgniarstwa oraz promowania szczepień przeciw grypie.SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: profi laktyka grypy, wiedza, studenci.