Latar Belakang: Sindrom Down merupakan kelainan kromosom autosomal yang terjadi akibat trisomi seluruh atau sebagian dari kromosom 21, yang terjadi kurang lebih 1 dari 700 kelahiran hidup. Berbagai studi mendapatkan bahwa gangguan makan (feeding difficulty) dan disfagia merupakan masalah yang umum terjadi dan terkadang persisten pada anak sindrom Down. Tujuan: Memaparkan karakteristik kelainan disfagia fase oral dan fase faring yang dapat timbul pada anak dengan sindrom Down menggunakan instrument pemeriksaan Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). Laporan kasus: Dilaporkan 8 pasien anak dengan sindrom Down yang didapatkan dari rekam medis pasien sejak Oktober 2016 hingga September 2017, yang dilakukan pemeriksaan FEES di Poli Endoskopi Bronkoesofagologi Departemen Telinga Hidung Tenggorok-Bedah Kepala Leher (THT-KL) Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode: Pencarian literatur secara terstruktur dilakukan dengan menggunakan Pubmed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane, dan Google scholar, sesuai dengan pertanyaan klinis berupa bagaimana karakteristik disfagia pada pasien anak dengan sindrom Down melalui pemeriksaan FEES. Pemilihan artikel dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil didapatkan 1 artikel yang relevan. Hasil: Artikel yang didapat merupakan suatu studi retrospektif yang melaporkan gambaran deskriptif karakteristik disfagia pada anak dengan sindrom Down. Kesimpulan: Kelainan anatomis pada sindrom Down berperan pada terjadinya gangguan makan dan disfagia. ABSTRACTBackground: Down syndrome is an autosomal chromosomal disorder caused by entire or partial trisomy of chromosome 21, which occurs in approximately 1 out of 700 live births. Several studies had found that feeding difficulty and swallowing disorder (dysphagia) are common and persistent problems in children with Down syndrome. Purpose: to describe characteristics of abnormalities that can occur in children with Down syndrome using the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) examination. Case report: 8 Pediatric patients with Down syndrome, obtained from medical record of FEES examination in Endoscopic Bronchoesophagology Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department (ENT-HNS) Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, from October 2016 up to September 2017. Method: A structured literature search was performed using Pubmed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane, and Google scholar, according to clinical question of how the characteristics of dysphagia in pediatric patients with Down syndrome through FEES examination? The selection of articles is based on inclusion and exclusion criteria which resulted in 1 relevant paper. Results: The article obtained was a retrospective study reporting descriptive characteristics of dysphagia in children with Down syndrome. Conclusion: Anatomical abnormalities in children with Down syndrome play a role in eating disorders and dysphagia. Keywords:
Latar belakang: Keganasan pada kanalis akustikus eksternus (KAE) merupakan kasus yang jarang terjadi, kurang dari 0,2 % dari seluruh keganasan pada regio kepala dan leher. Secara histologis, karsinoma sel skuamosa merupakan jenis karsinoma terbanyak, terjadi pada 80% kasus. Karsinoma sel skuamosa KAE masih menjadi tantangan bagi praktisi medis dalam mendiagnosis dan menatalaksana. Tujuan: Hingga saat ini, belum ada algoritma yang spesifik dalam menatalaksana kasus ini, sehingga membutuhkan pengetahuan yang mendalam mengenai anatomi dan teknik pembedahan, serta ditunjang dengan adanya tim multidisiplin dalam menangani kasus keganasan KAE. Laporan kasus: Tulisan ini melaporkan 4 kasus pasien karsinoma sel skuamosa KAE yang menjalani bermacam modalitas tatalaksana dengan keluaran yang bervariasi. Metode: Telaah literatur berbasis bukti mengenai tatalaksana karsinoma sel skuamosa KAE melalui database Cochrane dan Pubmed Medline. Berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi didapatkan satu jurnal yang relevan dengan kasus yang dilaporkan. Hasil: Karsinoma sel skuamosa liang telinga terutama ditatalaksana dengan terapi pembedahan. Modalitas tambahan yang dapat diberikan adalah kemoterapi dan radioterapi. Terapi pembedahan seringkali meninggalkan defek yang besar sehingga memerlukan tindakan rekonstruksi. Kesimpulan: Tatalaksana karsinoma sel skuamosa KAE seringkali membutuhkan pendekatan multidisiplin dan kompleks terutama pada kasus stadium lanjut. Angka harapan hidup yang lebih baik akan dicapai dengan mendiagnosis dan menatalaksana kasus ini secara dini. Background: Cancer of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a rare tumor, representing less than 0.2% of all head and neck cancers. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma comprises more than 80% of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the EAC is still a therapeutic challenge for medical specialists in its diagnosis and management. Purpose: Up to date, there is no specific treatment guidelines available due to SCC low incidence. The attending physician must have asubstantial knowledge of literatures as well as anatomy and surgical techniques, supported by an appropriate cancer center with adequate multidisciplinary team to offer the best therapy in accordance with the needs of the cancer clinical stages. Cases: This paper reports 4 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the EAC which underwent various treatment modalities, and yielded also various outcomes. Method: Evidence based literature study about squamous cell carcinoma of EAC was performed through Cochrane and Pubmed Medline database. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, one study was found relevant to these cases. Results: The particular choice of SCC management of EAC is surgery, yet SCC of the EAC requires additional modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery often leaves a large defect which requires a reconstructive procedure. Conclusion: Cancer of EAC management requires a multidisciplinary approach, especially it is more complex in the advanced stage of SCC. An early stage diagnosis and prompt management will lead to a better survival rate.
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