Dysphagia is associated with an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia which often results in death in stroke patients. Therefore, effective and efficient management is important. Behavioral therapy for swallowing rehabilitation based on the principles of neuroplasticity such as oropharyngeal strengthening and range of motion exercises are the alternative ones that often be used. This study aimed to assess the changes in swallowing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia after pharyngeal strengthening exercise, hyolaryngeal complex range of motion exercise and swallowing practice. Swallowing function was assessed using Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) based on Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing before and after interventions. The interventions were given every day with a duration of 30-45 minutes for 4 weeks. There were six subjects who completed the study. The PAS before the interventions were 6.00± 1.79 and after the interventions was 1.67± 0.82 (P= 0.003). Meanwhile, the FOIS score before the interventions was 3 (1-5) and after the interventions were 5.00± 2.10 (P= 0.041). There was an improvement of PAS and FOIS after the interventions. Therefore, the interventions can be suggested to be used as one of the treatments to improve swallowing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia.

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Latar Belakang: Sindrom Down merupakan kelainan kromosom autosomal yang terjadi akibat trisomi seluruh atau sebagian dari kromosom 21, yang terjadi kurang lebih 1 dari 700 kelahiran hidup. Berbagai studi mendapatkan bahwa gangguan makan (feeding difficulty) dan disfagia merupakan masalah yang umum terjadi dan terkadang persisten pada anak sindrom Down. Tujuan: Memaparkan karakteristik kelainan disfagia fase oral dan fase faring yang dapat timbul pada anak dengan sindrom Down menggunakan instrument pemeriksaan Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). Laporan kasus: Dilaporkan 8 pasien anak dengan sindrom Down yang didapatkan dari rekam medis pasien sejak Oktober 2016 hingga September 2017, yang dilakukan pemeriksaan FEES di Poli Endoskopi Bronkoesofagologi Departemen Telinga Hidung Tenggorok-Bedah Kepala Leher (THT-KL) Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode: Pencarian literatur secara terstruktur dilakukan dengan menggunakan Pubmed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane, dan Google scholar, sesuai dengan pertanyaan klinis berupa bagaimana karakteristik disfagia pada pasien anak dengan sindrom Down melalui pemeriksaan FEES. Pemilihan artikel dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil didapatkan 1 artikel yang relevan. Hasil: Artikel yang didapat merupakan suatu studi retrospektif yang melaporkan gambaran deskriptif karakteristik disfagia pada anak dengan sindrom Down. Kesimpulan: Kelainan anatomis pada sindrom Down berperan pada terjadinya gangguan makan dan disfagia. ABSTRACTBackground: Down syndrome is an autosomal chromosomal disorder caused by entire or partial trisomy of chromosome 21, which occurs in approximately 1 out of 700 live births. Several studies had found that feeding difficulty and swallowing disorder (dysphagia) are common and persistent problems in children with Down syndrome. Purpose: to describe characteristics of abnormalities that can occur in children with Down syndrome using the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) examination. Case report: 8 Pediatric patients with Down syndrome, obtained from medical record of FEES examination in Endoscopic Bronchoesophagology Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department (ENT-HNS) Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, from October 2016 up to September 2017. Method: A structured literature search was performed using Pubmed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane, and Google scholar, according to clinical question of how the characteristics of dysphagia in pediatric patients with Down syndrome through FEES examination? The selection of articles is based on inclusion and exclusion criteria which resulted in 1 relevant paper. Results: The article obtained was a retrospective study reporting descriptive characteristics of dysphagia in children with Down syndrome. Conclusion: Anatomical abnormalities in children with Down syndrome play a role in eating disorders and dysphagia. Keywords:

Background Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have been found to coexist in the population. OSAS and LPR also share obesity as an important risk factor. However, the relationship between LPR and OSAS remains unclear. This study aimed to correlate LPR as measured by the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and the Reflux Finding Score (RFS) with OSAS. Methods This cross-sectional study included sixty-four subjects who underwent anamnesis to complete the RSI and the Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS). The subjects were then divided into the OSAS and non-OSAS groups based on the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) obtained through a polysomnography examination. Both groups underwent a flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy examination to determine the RFS. LPR was identified based on the RSI and RFS. Results The mean BMI of the OSAS group significantly was higher than the non-OSAS group (p < 0.05). Most of the subjects in the OSAS group exhibited mild-moderate OSAS (AHI 10–29), and severe OSAS occurred in only seven subjects. The mean RSI and RFS values in the OSAS group did not differ significantly from the non-OSAS group (p = 0.34 and p = 0.36, respectively). The proportion of LPR between the mild-moderate OSAS group, the severe OSAS group, and the non-OSAS group did not differ significantly (p = 1.00). RSI and RFS did not significantly correlate with AHI. Based on RSI, the proportion of LPR between the ESS (+) and ESS (-) groups did not significantly differ (adjusted p = 0.062). The proportion of LPR based on RFS was almost equal between the ESS (+) and ESS (-) groups (p = 0.817). Conclusions The BMI of the OSAS group was significantly higher than the non-OSAS group. There was no significant difference in RSI and RFS between the OSAS and non-OSAS groups. There was no significant correlation between RSI and AHI, or between RFS and AHI. There was no significant difference in the proportion of RSI between the ESS (+) and the ESS (-) groups.