ABSTRACT… Premature birth and low-birth weight are major causes of neonatal mortality, occurrence is 29%. Complications of prematurity and its risk factors are comparatively lesser in late preterm babies. Preterm babies are at higher risk of development of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus sepsis, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. No recent and current reliable data is available regarding frequency of hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic abnormalities in very preterm babies. Early detection of hyper-bilirubinemia, hypoglycemia and hypocalcaemia can help in better management and decrease neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine the frequency of hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic abnormalities in very preterm babies. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Methods: 120 very preterm singleton babies born between 28-34 weeks gestation, without lethal congenital anomalies and birth weight > 500 gram presenting in neonatal emergency within first 24 hours of birth were included. Neonates born to mothers with diabetes mellitus, addiction, renal failure, hemoglubinopathies, Rh negative blood group along with neonates with toxemia, congenital pneumonia, congenital malformation, or any genetic syndrome were excluded. Results: Mean gestational age was 31±1.4weeks. Male patients were dominant (52%) than the females (48%). Hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia was present in 68(57%), 27(22.5%) and 23(19%) patients respectively. Conclusion: Hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic abnormalities are common in very preterm babies and by knowing the magnitude of these problems early preventive measure can be acquired to reduce the neonatal mortality and morbidity Valencil schuor et al 20 conducted a study showing that more than 15% of preterm having hyperlirubinemia 28% preterm born through c-section and 16% born through vaginal delivery having jaundice.My study showed that hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia and hypocalcaemia was 65, 27 and 23 babies common in small of gestational age preterm. CONCLUSIONHyperbilirubinemia and metabolic abnormalities like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia are common problems in very preterm babies. The results of my study give the local burden of these complications that can be helpful in highlighting the importance of screening of such conditions so that special attention could be given to these babies for reduction of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Copyright© 01 July, 2019.

Correct and timely access to business information is the key to success in industry. However in industry, data is generated on daily basis and increases exponentially. Therefore, managing it is a challenging task for every organization. To deal with this phenomenon of information overload, organizations are in dire need to find and set up potential means for the analysis of raw industrial data (i.e. texts) and draw necessary information from it. This information can result in knowledge and knowledge leads towards wisdom, the essence of every business. This chapter is concerned with the use of knowledge management systems to cater information overload hassles, the organizations are facing today. As a solution, a detailed study of currently existing open source data and knowledge management systems is conducted. Hence, this chapter discusses the state of the art tools and technologies in this domain, and highlights the need and importance of semantic applications for industrial data processing.

Background: Seizures are the most common neurologic emergency in pediatrics and can be terrifying for patients and families. They occur in approximately 4-10% of children and account for 1% of all emergency department visits. There are a variety of potential causes for seizures; however, they have a final common pathway which includes abnormal electrical discharges of neurons. The extent of this abnormal discharges and their location in the brain leads to a variety of clinical presentation which range from subtle, non-convulsive events to dramatic generalized convulsions. Most common biochemical abnormality causing seizures is hypocalcemia, which in children may manifest astetany, seizures, muscle cramp, and paresthesia. Objectives: The objective of the study was to: determine the frequency of hypocalcaemia in children presenting with afebrile seizures from age 2 months to 2 years. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Settings: Pediatric emergency and outpatient department of Pediatric Medicine Unit 1, Independent University Faisalabad. Period: Six months from 01.01.2018 to 30.06.2018. Methodology: After Approval from Ethical committee, 86 children presenting in pediatric emergency of Independent Hospital Faisalabad who meet the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Detailed history and informed consent was obtained from parents of each patient presenting with first episode of afebrile seizure. Blood serum sample was sent to the hospital pathology laboratory for assessment of serum calcium. Routine investigations to rule out other causes of seizures were also done. All the data was recorded on a predesigned performa. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. Results: In this study, out of 86 cases, 55%(n=47) were between 2-12 months of age and 45%(n=39) were between 13-24 months of age, mean+sd was calculated as 12.33+5.27 months, maternal age shows that 72.24%(n=58) were between 18-30years of age and 30.76%(n=29) were between 31-45years of age, mean+sd was calculated as 29.52+3.70 years, 52.38%(n=44) were male and 47.62%(n=42) were females, frequency of hypocalcaemia in children presenting with afebrile seizures from age 2 months to 2 years was recorded in 66.48%(n=56) cases. Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of hypocalcaemia is higher in children presenting with afebrile seizures from age 2 months to 2 years, and by controlling hypocalcemia, we may reduce the risk of seizures.

Zinc is an essential rnicronutrient with catalytic role in over a hundred specificmetabolic enzymes in human metabolism regulates the expression of the metallothioneingene, apoptosis and synaptic signaling and needed for many aspects of immune system. Thusthe zinc ‘supplementation in patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections might havepotential benefits. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in patientswith acute lower respiratory tract infections. Study design: Quasi experimental study. Setting:Study was conducted in the pediatrics department Independent hospital Faisalabad; the indoorpatients meeting the inclusion criteria from 26th January to 25th July 2013 were included instudy. Material and methods: 100 children meeting the inclusion criteria were included in thestudy which were divided into two groups with random allocation i.e. Group A (Odd number)& Group B (Even number). Group A was given zinc supplementation 20mg of elemental zincfor 14 days. Along with antimicrobials, oxygen and antipyretics for fever while 50 childrenin Group B were given with antimicrobials. Oxygen and antipyretics for fever without zinc.Results: Baseline clinical parameters were comparable in both groups at admission. Outcomemeasures considered were duration of fever, tachypneoa, chest indrawings and total durationof hospital admission. Effect of zinc supplementation is significant with p-value of less than 0.05for duration of tachypnoea and chest indrawings and total duration of hospital admission whileresult showed p-value equal to 0.05 that is just significant for duration of fever.

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common abnormal physical finding in first fewweeks of lif and its most common management is phototherapy. Amongst other commoncomplications a less known complication of phototherapy is hypocalcemia. Objectives: To studythe incidence of phototherapy induced hypocalcemia in neonates and to have a comparisonbetween preterm and term neonates. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study.Setting: Paediatric Unit II DHQ Hospital Faisalabad, which is a tertiary care centre for all kind ofpatients. Duration of study with dates: Six months from 1-11-2012 to 30-04-2013. Methods:196 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia full term / preterm neonates admitted in pediatric DHQhospital faislabad were selected. Inclusion criteria. 1) Hyperbilirubinemia. 2) No hypocalcemiaon admission. 3) Received phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia. Serum Calcium levels weremeasured in all neonates before and 48 hours after receiving phototherapy. Incidence ofhypocalcemia among all neonates was calculated as an absolute percentage and the samplepopulation was also divided into preterm / full term neonates to evaluate the incidence ofhypocalcemia in these two groups individually. RESULTS: Mean serum calcium in neonateswas 7.5+- 1.5 mg / dl .16.84 % of neonates were found to have calcium level below the cut offvalue. 33 out of 196 developed hypocalcemia after phototherapy and out of these 54 % werepreterm and 45 % were term neonates < P-value (0.01)>. Conclusion: Phototherapy induceshypocalcemia in neonates more so in preterm neonates. Impact: Consideration for additionalcalcium supplementation should be undertaken in all neonates undergoing phototherapy andfurther randomized trials need to be done with these concerns.