Dra matic tec tonic and sea level changes of the Cen tral Paratethys realm dur ing the Middle Mio cene re sulted in changes of the coastal and sea bed mor phol ogy af fect ing the com po si tion of the ma rine as so ci a tion and the dis tri bu tion of the fa cies along the coast. Three dif fer ent ep i sodes (ma rine-ter res trial-ma rine) in the en vi ron men tal evo lu tion are in ter preted. A lower ma rine unit (Badenian; Lower Serravallian) re flects organodetrital sed i men ta tion on and around an al gal bioherm. Low terrigenous in put maërl fa cies of typ i cal rhodalgal car bon ate fac tory type char ac ter ise the top of the al gal mound. On the slopes, a rim of rhodechfor fa cies sep a rated the bioherm from the rest of the bot tom which had a sea grass cover. This high-en ergy rhodechfor car bon ate fac tory is de scribed from the Cen tral Paratethys realm for the first time. It is com posed mostly of coralline al gae (Mesophyllum, Lithothamnion, Spongites and Lithophyllum), ben thic foraminifers (Elphidium crispum, Neoconorbina terquemi, Miniacina sp., Borelis melo), echinoids (cidaroid, spatangoid and diadematoid groups) and bryo zoans. Up lift of the Malé Karpaty Mts. re sulted in tec tonic ac tiv ity in the vi cin ity, doc u mented by the pres ence of clastic dikes and nor mal faults in the pro file stud ied. Sub se quent flu vial and ter res trial sed i men ta tion is rep re sented by regolith, palaeosoil and chan nel body de pos its set dis cor dantly on the top of la goonal de pos its. Fi nally, the third ep i sode is rep re sented by the Sarmatian transgressive ma rine se quence, which is characterized by coarse peb bly de posit eroded from an up lifted pre-Neo gene base ment. The strata stud ied orig i nated in a warm tem per ate cli mate around the Badenian-Sarmatian tran si tion.

Estimation of the catchment area of a karst spring is not possible in all areas for various reasons. The Slovak Karst is protected by the highest degree of protection and karst springs are used as a source of drinking water for the second largest city in Slovakia, Košice. From this reason, no results on ionic runoff or chemical denudation have been published from this area and the most appropriate way to obtain information about the denudation rate is to determine the ionic runoff. This paper provides an overview of ionic runoff results based on sampling and analysis of karst water from six springs in the period November 2013–October 2016 (three hydrological years) and periodic measurements. Springs have significantly fluctuated flow rates from 0 L/s in summer and autumn up to 192 L/s, and episodic events during the snow melting and heavy rain in the spring of 2013 are also known (more than 380 L/s). The total value of ionic runoff for the area of 40,847 m3/y.km2 is comparable with the Vracanska Plateau in Bulgaria, which lies at a similar altitude and with a similar amount of precipitation.

In Slovakia, the unflattering situation in the teaching of geology at primary and secondary schools has persisted for a long time. A direct consequence of this situation is the lack of knowledge in the field of inanimate nature among broad sections of the population. For this reason, it is necessary to popularize inanimate nature and thus increase geological and lithogeographical awareness among the inhabitants of our country. One of the ways can be a didactically acceptable processing of geological knowledge, since the sources of geological information are often difficult to understand for the public without a geological education. The main goal of this contribution is to present a simplified geological map of the surroundings of Bratislava including both the Slovak and Austrian parts with a common legend that will be comprehensible even to the lay public. The simplified geological map created by us contains 18 geological units including anthropogenic sediments. It is also possible to show important geological sites. For better visibility, the map was loaded onto a digital model of the relief and then a 3D visualization was created, which can be placed, e.g. to the website. With the help of this visualization, it is possible to e.g. demonstrate the transgression of the sea in past geological times.

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