The energy sector in GCC countries plays a vital role in achieving economic and social development and contributing to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Furthermore, the energy sector plays a major role in meeting the water and food needs in these countries that have harsh climate conditions and water scarcity. However, the consumption of energy is high in the GCC relative to other developed countries and this is one of the key challenges faced by the GCC. Growing energy consumption will threaten exports, affect the economic diversification and may increase the energy waste. A diversification of the energy mix by including renewable sources presents an opportunity as it would free up part of the energy production for export as well as would reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission. Over the next ten years, it is expected that the population of the GCC countries will increase by more than 20%. This article provides estimate of demand for electricity and fuel used in the power plants for the next 25 years. The amount of carbons dioxide emission is estimated based on type and amount of fuel used. In order to reduce the dependency on the fossil fuel and reduce carbon emission a number of measures should be implemented that includes, utilization of renewable energy sources, adopting energy-efficient products and buildings, demand side management, and reforming the fuel prices. In fact, the GCC countries have already started implementing some of these measures toward a more sustainable energy future.

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The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) is a non-profit global institution dedicated to independent research into energy economics, policy, technology and the environment across all types of energy. KAPSARC's mandate is to advance the understanding of energy challenges and opportunities facing the world today and tomorrow, through unbiased, independent, and high-caliber research for the benefit of society. KAPSARC is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The authors would like to acknowledge the Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) for their assistance throughout the process of producing this paper.

The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) is a non-profit global institution dedicated to independent research into energy economics, policy, technology and the environment across all types of energy. KAPSARC's mandate is to advance the understanding of energy challenges and opportunities facing the world today and tomorrow, through unbiased, independent, and high-caliber research for the benefit of society. KAPSARC is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.