Aim: To determine the frequency of refractive errors in school-age children. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration: Two Government and two Private schools of Hyderabad Sindh, screened by the institute of ophthalmology at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, from January 2021 to June 2021. Methodology: Schools and students were selected by stratified random method; a total of four hundred students were screened in four schools. From class one to class ten, 10 students were selected from each class. Prior written permission was obtained from parents. External ocular examination, visual acuity, pinhole test, autorefraction, and fundus examination were done and recorded on proforma along with the information regarding age, sex, family history, and parent’s education. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Results: In government schools 27 students out of 200 had refractive errors, myopia was present in 15 (55.55%) students, hypermetropia in 7 (25.93%) students and astigmatism in 5 (18.52%) students, while in private schools 25 students had refractive errors. Myopia was present in 16 (64%) students, hypermetropia in 7 (28%) students and astigmatism in 2 (8%) students. Myopia and astigmatism were more prevalent in female sex being 8.1% and 2% respectively, while in males it was 6.4% and 1.4% cases. In this study, no significant refractive error difference was found between government and private sector schools. Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of refractive errors was 13% (52) out of 400 students. Refractive errors are the most common and easily treatable causes of decreased vision in school-aged children. It is recommended that visual acuity be checked prior to admission to school because refractive errors can be easily corrected with glasses. If it is treated in time, the child can be prevented from amblyopia and squint.

Objective: To estimate the relationship between serum level 25-hydroxyvitamin (25 (OH) D) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic elders. Study Design: Prospective, Observational study. Setting: Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro. Period: July 2020 to September 2021. Material & Methods: After completing the clinical examination, all participants were sent to the laboratory to investigate the blood level of Vitamin D (Vita D), glycated hemoglobin, glucose fasting/random; and urea and creatinine. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used. The serum level of 25 (OH) D was assessed with logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship with diabetic retinopathy. Results: Collected blood variables indicated that the mean level of Vita D was lower in subjects with proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) and Non-PDR (NPDR) as compared to No DR (NDR) (14.10 ± 1.20, 21.10 ± 1.91, 23.29 ± 2.10

Aim: To assess the role of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) for early detection of diabetic maculopathy. Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Department of Ophthalmology, unit II Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Hyderabad between March 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: Diabetic patients above the age of 20 years were screened by visual acuity recording, fundus, slit-lamp examination, and Fundus fluorescein angiography. Complete ophthalmic detail was obtained from each participant using pre-designed Proforma. Outcomes of the study were recorded. Results: A total of 100 subjects having 200 eyes were observed in the study. There were 53(53%) males and 47(47%) females with a mean age of 54±21.22 years. FFA was done in 124(62%) eyes. Diabetic maculopathy with diabetic retinopathy was higher in moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) 53(42.7%) followed by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 22(17.7%), severe NPDR 20(16.1%), and mild NPDR 08(6.5%). Most of the subjects 79(63.7%) had the diffuse type of leakage followed by focal 33(26.6%) and mixed type of leakage. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and Central Macular Thickness (CMT) were improved at the 3rd and 6th-month follow-up visit as compared to baseline visit. Conclusion: Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), a diagnostic method of diabetic retinopathy is reliable, more accurate, and precise. Our study recommends that diabetic patients should be regularly screened through FFA to save the precious vision of the diabetic population.