Objective: To determine the association between myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro from Jan to Jun 2015. Methodology: A sample of 170 diagnosed cases of myopia and 170 subjects without myopia were selected. Inclusion criteria were age 35-60 years, both genders, cases with myopia >1.0 D and controls - without myopic error. Visual status was determined by the Huwitz autorefractor (model 8800) machine. Retinoscopy, Goldmann's Applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, vertical cup to disc (VCD) ratio and visual field defects were detected. Results: Age of group – 1 and–2 was 55.7 ± 8.6 and 52.3 ± 7.3 years respectively (p=0.071). VCD ratio in group-1 was 0.6 ± 0.13 compared to 0.5 ± 0.02 in group-2 (p<0.001). Normal and abnormal VCD ratio in cases and control was noted as 161 (94.7%) vs. 168 (98.8%) and 9 (5.2%) vs. 2 (1.1%) respectively (p<0.03). 23 (13.5%) of group–1 show visual field defects compared to 6 (3.5%) in group–2. Intraocular pressure was found elevated in group-1 16.8 ± 2.3 mmHg compared to 14.0 ± 2.7 in group-2 (p<0.001). POAG was observed in 9 (5.2%) myopes group–1 compared to 2 (1.1%) in group–2 (p<0.003). Conclusion: The present study concludes that myopia is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma, and the risk of glaucoma is high in these patients.

Aim: To assess the risk factors of visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma Study design: A retrospective cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Institute of Ophthalmology LUMHS, Jamshoro from May 2020 to April 2021 Methodology: This study comprised a total of 100 participants with glaucoma. Males outnumbered females in the gender distribution. Instead of using a formal definition defined by the investigators, a clinical diagnosis of POAG was used in this investigation. In the presence of gonioscopically open anterior chamber angles in both eyes, POAG was pragmatically defined as glaucomatous visual field defects (GVFD). Results: Primary open-angle glaucoma affected 80 percent of men and 20 percent of women. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma was 44 percent in the 55-65-year-old group, and 30 percent in the 45-54-year-old group. In 44 percent of instances, the eyesight loss lasted two years, whereas 31 percent had a one-year history. Hypertension was observed in 23.5 percent of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, followed by myopia and diabetes. Conclusion: It was observed that hypertension was the leading risk factor of Primary Open angle glaucoma, followed by myopia, family history, diabetes, and smoking. Keywords: Glaucoma, risk factors, hypertension, diabetes

Objective: To correlate the symptoms of dry eye with young adult riders. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College, Isra University, Karachi. Period: December 2020 to November 2021. Material & Methods: 60 young riders with dry eyes between the age of 21-30 years were included in the study and their duration of years in riding bike, duration of riding bike a day, and lastly the symptoms were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and the correlation was assessed using Pearson’s correlation. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The mean age of the riders were 25.46 ± 0.12. 70% of the riders were riding for more than 5 years, 23.3% riders were riding for more than 2 years, while only 6.7% were riding for less than 2 years. 36.1% riders rode for >8 hours/day, 26.7% for >6 hours/day, 21.7% for >4 hours/day, and 15% for 2 hours/day. Symptoms of dryness, burning, itching, crusting, blurring, and redness all showed significant difference with the duration of years as a rider as well as the number of hours the rider rode during the day. Conclusion: Dry eye symptoms significantly correlate with young adult riders and the appropriate intervention is required to treat it accordingly.

Purpose:  To assess the efficacy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab as an adjuvant to grid laser photocoagulation in patients with diffuse macular edema (DME) in type II diabetes. Study Design:  Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study:  Institute of ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, from September 2016 to November 2018 Methods:  Ninety five patients with diffuse macular edema in type II diabetes were selected by convenient sampling. Group I patients were treated with ETDRS grid laser photocoagulation. Group II patients were treated with ETDRS grid laser photocoagulation followed by intravitreal bevacizumab after one week monthly for 2 months and then as per need. All patients were examined after 1st, 2nd and 3rd month and mean change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT).Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 20.0. Paired t-test was used to compare mean values and p valve < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results:  The results of study were compared with the baseline values. The mean change in BCVA in group 1 was from 46 ± 18 letters to 52 ± 17. BCVA in group 2 was from 46 ± 18 letters to 56 ± 17 (P < 0.001). The decrease in macular edema thickness was more in group II than group I (P < 0.001). Conclusion:  Macular Grid laser with or without Intravitreal Bevacizumab significantly improves vision and decreases macular edema but combined treatment led to more stable improvement in DME during follow-up. Key Words:  Modified ETDRS laser, Bevacizumab, Macular edema, Anti-VEGF.

Aim: To determine the frequency of refractive errors in school-age children. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration: Two Government and two Private schools of Hyderabad Sindh, screened by the institute of ophthalmology at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, from January 2021 to June 2021. Methodology: Schools and students were selected by stratified random method; a total of four hundred students were screened in four schools. From class one to class ten, 10 students were selected from each class. Prior written permission was obtained from parents. External ocular examination, visual acuity, pinhole test, autorefraction, and fundus examination were done and recorded on proforma along with the information regarding age, sex, family history, and parent’s education. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Results: In government schools 27 students out of 200 had refractive errors, myopia was present in 15 (55.55%) students, hypermetropia in 7 (25.93%) students and astigmatism in 5 (18.52%) students, while in private schools 25 students had refractive errors. Myopia was present in 16 (64%) students, hypermetropia in 7 (28%) students and astigmatism in 2 (8%) students. Myopia and astigmatism were more prevalent in female sex being 8.1% and 2% respectively, while in males it was 6.4% and 1.4% cases. In this study, no significant refractive error difference was found between government and private sector schools. Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of refractive errors was 13% (52) out of 400 students. Refractive errors are the most common and easily treatable causes of decreased vision in school-aged children. It is recommended that visual acuity be checked prior to admission to school because refractive errors can be easily corrected with glasses. If it is treated in time, the child can be prevented from amblyopia and squint.