Background and Study Aim. Taekwondo (TKD) is a combat sport emphasizing on kicking techniques and dynamic footwork. Specialized balance ability is crucial for Taekwondo practitioners. Nowadays balance could be improved with specific strength training such as blood flow restriction and plyometric training. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) and pliometric training methods on the development of dynamic balance at the martial art of Taekwondo. Material and Methods. Totally 31 TKD athletes between 15-19 ages participated voluntarily and were divided into three groups as blood flow restriction (n=11), plyometric training (n=10) and control groups (n=10). In addition to normal taekwondo training, 8 week training programs were applied to the pliometric and blood flow restriction groups, and no training program was applied to the control group. At the beginning and after the trainings, dynamic balance ability measured with Prokin Tecnobody equipment for 30 seconds slalom test.  Results. The difference between pre-test and post-test values of BFR group’s dynamic balance (antero-posterior sway) was found to be statistically different (p<.05) while according to the pliometric training results, there was no statistically significant difference (p>.05). Also, there was not any difference in terms of gender (p>.05). Conclusions. Strength development is neccessary for dynamic balance improvement in athletes. Since taekwondo athletes use strength and balance ability for rapid kicking and change direction, these motor abilities are important for success. Based on the findings of this study; it is recommended that BFR method may be useful and so it can be included in training programs.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and life satisfaction according to exercise participation in obese female university students. The sample of the study consisted of over 18 age 145 obese (BMI≥30) that were regularly exercising for at least 4 days, 90 minutes in a week for 6 mounts and 136 obese sedentary (BMI≥30). The mean age was (20.69 ± 1.84) for obese female students who participated regular exercise and (20.19 ± 1.49) for obese female university students who was sedentary. “General Self-Efficacy Scale” that originally developed by Sherer et al. (1982) and adapted to Turkish by Yıldırım and İlhan (2010) and “Life Satisfaction Scale” that originally developed by Diener et al. (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Yetim (1991) were used for measurement. For statistical analysis, The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether the scores were normally distributed. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t test and pearson correlation analysis were also applied. There was statistically significant difference for the mean life satisfaction (t = 7.68, p <.05) but there was no statistically significant difference for the mean self-efficacy (t = 1.17; p> .05) between two groups according to the t test results. There was a significant positive correlation between life satisfaction and total self-efficacy scores (r = .551**). As a result, there was significant difference in life satisfaction between two groups. Obese female students with high self-efficacy perceptions may be aware of their abilities and thus rely on their abilities. In this case, it can be concluded that they are happy and generally enjoy life.

The aim of this study was to examine dynamic balance ability and hypermobility according to gender and gymnastics training participation in 6 years of age children. In this research, 76 male and 86 female totally 162 children with the mean body height 114.51±5.15 cm and with the mean body weight 20.54±3.73 kg participated voluntarily. While 47 of the children participating gymnastics training for 12 weeks, 115 of the children continued regular preschool program. Dynamic balance ability measured by prokin tecno body with easy base for 30 seconds. Hypermobility identified by The Beighton criteria and cutoff point was taken as 4. For dynamic balance ability in 6 years of age there were statistically significant difference in favor of gymnastic participation compared with the others (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in dynamic balance ability in favor of girls, according to gender (p<0.005). And hypermobility was significantly different in favor of gymnastic participation (p<0.05). The hypermobility rate of males is 23.7%, females is 43%, gymnasts is 51.1% and sedentary is 27%. There wasn't any correlation between dynamic balance ability and hypermobility. As a result, although they have similar physical characteristics and in the same age group, their dynamic balance performance and hypermobility differentiated depending on factors of gymnastics training and also it was observed that the dynamic balance performance was in favor of girls. This study emphasized the importance of early participation in gymnastics.

Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Okul öncesi dört-altı yaş dönemdeki çocuklara uygulanan 12 haftalık jimnastik antrenmanının biyomotor yetiler üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Araştırmaya, okul öncesi dört-altı yaş grubunda; boy ortalamaları 110,43±6,34 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalamaları 20±3,68 kg olan ve anaokuluna düzenli devam eden 93 (47'si kız, 46'sı erkek) deney, 43 (23'ü kız, 20'si erkek)'ü kontrol grubunda olmak üzere toplam 136 öğrenci velilerinin yazılı izinleri doğrultusunda gönüllü olarak dâhil edilmiştir. Deney grubundaki çocuklar, 12 haftalık; haftada iki gün birer saat jimnastik antrenman programına katılırken, kontrol grubu sadece okul programına devam etmiştir. Araş-tırmada uygulanan jimnastik programının okul öncesi dönemdeki çocuklara etkisinin araştırılması için biyomotor özellikler ölçülmüştür. Bu amaçla; durarak uzun atlama, dikey sıçrama, dinamik denge, reaksiyon zamanı, motor beceri, el-göz koordinasyonu ve dikkat testi uygulanmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Jimnastik antrenmanının; dinamik denge, durarak uzun atlama, dikey sıçrama, motor beceri, dikkat üze-rine etkisi anlamlı bulunurken, reaksiyon zamanı ve el-göz koordinasyonu üzerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, cinsiyet etkisi sadece motor beceri üzerinde kız çocuklar lehine anlamlı bulunmuştur. İstatistiksel yöntem olarak durarak uzun atlama, dikey sıçrama, dikkat ve el-göz koordinasyonu ölçümlerinin analizi için tekrarlı ölçümler analiz yöntemlerinden Greenhouse-Geisser; dinamik denge, motor beceri ve reaksiyon zamanı ölçümlerinin analizinde çok değişkenli testler için Hotelling's Trace yöntemi kullanılmıştır. S So on nu uç ç: : Okul öncesi dört-altı yaş dönemdeki çocuk-larda jimnastik antrenmanının; bazı biyomotor özellikler üzerinde bulunan anlamlı etkisinden hareketle, bu yaş grubundaki çocukların jimnastik antrenmanı yapmaya teşvik edilmesi önerilmektedir.A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Okul öncesi; jimnastik; dinamik denge; reaksiyon zamanı; biyomotor yetiler A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of this study was to investigate 12 weeks gymnastics training effect on biomotor abilities in four-six years of age pre-school student. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Four-six years of age kindergarden student with mean height 110.43±6.34 cm, mean weight 20±3.68 kg were divided into two groups as 93 (47 girls, 46 boys) experimental, and 43 (23 girls, 20 boys) control group, totally 136, were attended to this investigation with their parents' written permissions as volunteer. While experimental group's children were applied gymnastics training program during 12 weeks two days per week and one hour per day, control group were participated daily school program. Biomotor abilities were evaluated to investigate the effects of gymnastics training programs on preschool children. To evaluate biomotor abilities; standing long jump, vertical jump, dynamic balance, reaction time, motor skil...

The objective of this study was to examine athletes" anxiety, motivation and imagination value in competitions with different severity level. The research was conducted on swimming athlete in elite level 18 female and 19 male totally 37. To measure the level of imagination, imagine inventory in sports and to measure trait anxiety levels STAI were used. For statistical analyses of parametric data, to see the difference between the groups independent groups t-test and for the non-parametric data Mann Whitney-U analyses were used. The level of significance accepted as p<0.05. National team athletes and athletes that participate in 13 th European Short Course Swimming Championships and Turkey National Team Selection, before the day of the event selection and on the morning of the competition the difference between the cognitive anxiety levels, somatic anxiety levels and confidence levels was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Athletes that participate in 13th European Short Course Swimming Championships and Turkish national team athletes before the day of the event selection and on the morning of the competition while cognitive anxiety and self-confidence levels were statistically different (p<0.05), the difference between somatic anxiety levels was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The athletes that selected and non-selected for national team before the day of the event selection and on the morning of the competition the difference between the cognitive anxiety levels, somatic anxiety levels, confidence levels, motivation and imagination levels was not statistically different (p>0.05).