Unlike many other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) retains a conserved prototype structure throughout biology. While Caenorhabditis elegans cytoplasmic AlaRS (CeAlaRSc) retains the prototype structure, its mitochondrial counterpart (CeAlaRSm) contains only a residual C-terminal domain (C-Ala). We demonstrated herein that the C-Ala domain from CeAlaRSc robustly binds both tRNA and DNA. It bound different tRNAs but preferred tRNAAla. Deletion of this domain from CeAlaRSc sharply reduced its aminoacylation activity, while fusion of this domain to CeAlaRSm selectively and distinctly enhanced its aminoacylation activity toward the elbow-containing (or L-shaped) tRNAAla. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CeAlaRSm once possessed the C-Ala domain but later lost most of it during evolution, perhaps in response to the deletion of the T-arm (part of the elbow) from its cognate tRNA. This study underscores the evolutionary gain of C-Ala for docking AlaRS to the L-shaped tRNAAla.

Mature tRNA His has, at its 5′-terminus, an extra guanosine with 5′-monophosphate, designated G-1. G-1 is the major recognition element for histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS), regardless of whether it is of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin.

Yeast which has a fermentative type can ferment alcohol, which break down the sugars into alcohol, lactic acid and gas. This yeast's type is needed in biofertilizer process production. The purpose of this study was to observed the potential in ethanol production of the soil wild yeast that isolated from Jember, East Java and determine the concentration of sugar product as well as the best time of ethanol fermentation. Our previously observation have found 113 yeast species. Then we select them based on fermentative ability and found five best species. These five species then have determined its sugar product as well as the best time of ethanol fermentation and choose two best. We have counted the level of ethanol production using glucose medium of 10%, 15% and 20% of these two best species.The results showed that Candida sp.