BackgroundPolycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is known to be one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders affecting reproductive age women. One of the endocrine disorder is hyperinsulinemia, which corresponds with the severity of PCOS. However, the pathogenesis of PCOS is not fully understood, but one theory of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) has been proposed as one of the factor related to the degree of severity of PCOS. However, there are no clear correlation between levels of AMH with the incidence of insulin resistance in PCOS patients especially in Indonesia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study involving reproductive age women aged 18–35 years. Subjects were recruited consecutively at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital between 2011 until 2014. PCOS women diagnosed using 2003 Rotterdam criteria were categorized into four different PCOS phenotypes. Subsequently, serum level of AMH and HOMA-IR was measured and evaluated with correlation tests performed using SPSS 11.0ResultsA total of 125 PCOS patients were included in a study conducted within a 3-year period. Phenotype 1 (anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries) shows the highest levels of AMH and HOMA-IR, which decreases in accordance to severity level (p < 0.005). The positive correlation between AMH and HOMA-IR persisted even after adjusting for BMI in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThere was a positive correlation between serum AMH and HOMA IR levels. Serum AMH and HOMA IR levels were significantly different across the four PCOS phenotypes; with the highest values were present with phenotype 1.

Background and Purpose-One of the reasons for the failure of trials of neuroprotection in stroke may be the lack of white matter (WM) protection. However, whether patients entered into typical neuroprotection trials have WM involved in the ischemic process is unknown. We studied patients who were enrolled in neuroprotection trials at our center and used a neuroimaging coregistration approach to determine whether final infarcts involved WM and, if so, in what proportion. We also aimed to provide the first in vivo volume distribution of gray matter (GM) and WM in normal stroke-aged brains. Methods-Patients enrolled in trials of neuroprotection had late computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans coregistered in standard stereotaxic coordinate space after segmentation of symptomatic cerebral infarcts. These were then superimposed on a probabilistic map of GM and WM, which was developed from age-matched normal controls in whom GM and WM volumes were assessed. here have been numerous trials of neuroprotectants in patients with ischemic stroke, but none have shown a definite benefit. 1 Interestingly, in the recently concluded Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke (IMAGES) trial using magnesium, an a priori subanalysis revealed a possible benefit for subcortical lacunar strokes. 2 This raises the question as to whether neuroprotectants may have a differential effect on central white matter (WM) compared with gray matter (GM). There are inherent differences between these brain compartments; the ischemic cascade is dominated by glutamate toxicity in GM, 3 whereas, in WM, ion exchange channels and ␣-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors are more important. 4 The majority of neuroprotectants have been developed in small animal models, particularly the rat, in which Ϸ10% of brain volume is WM. In contrast, the proportion in human brain is Ϸ50%, although this is less certain in stroke-aged brains. 5 Hence, the efficacy of most neuroprotectants is GM based with scant attention paid to WM effects.This issue may not be important if neuroprotection trial patient populations have ischemic lesions involving mainly GM; this is possible, because most of the trial entry criteria favor patients with hemispheric stroke and cortical signs. 2,6 -8 We thought it important to establish this more certainly in a small sample of patients who were entered into trials of neuroprotection in our center by using neuroimaging coregistration techniques. Specifically, we wished to test the hypothesis that significant proportions of WM are involved in the ischemic process in patients entered into trials of neuroprotection, thus providing a rational for developing compounds, which may protect this compartment. We also wished to establish with more certainty the in vivo volume distribution of GM and WM in the human brain, particularly in stroke-aged patients. MethodsAll of the patients with ischemic stroke entered into neuroprotection trials at the Austin Hospital between April 1997 and June 2001 in whom cerebral infarcts...

ABSTRACT:Astaxanthin is a group of fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid found in many microorganisms and marine animals. The problem that exists in its use as active compound of antioxidants is due to lipophilicity and poor stability in the gastrointestinal tract thereby making low bioavailability. In this research offers the nanotechnology to develop astaxanthin nanoemulsion which is intended to improve the stability in the dosage form and also further developing new delivery paths in the use of antioxidants through transdermal delivery route so it has the optimal deliveries. In this research will be made nanoemulsion astaxanthin formulation to produce good physical and chemical characteristics. Nanoemulsion were prepared by using the self-nanoemulsifying (SNE) method. Optimizations of formula were performed ranging from oil phase screening, surfactant type screening, and optimization of ratio of oil phase : surfactant : co-surfactant. Characterization of nanoemulsion were carried out by physical characterizations including globul size and polydispersity index, zeta potential, visual appearance, and globul morphology. Chemical Characterization included the entrapment efficiency test. The results showed that the nanoemulsion Astaxanthin has a 10-20 nm globul size (with normal size distribution curve), the polydispersity index value is less than 0.5, the zeta potential is greater than (-20) mV, the entrapment efficiency is between 80-87%, and has spherical globules form. ABSTRAK:Astaxanthin merupakan kelompok karotenoid xantofil larut lemak yang banyak ditemukan pada berbagai mikroorganisme dan hewan laut. Permasalahan yang terdapat di dalam pengunaannya sebagai bahan aktif sumber antioksidan adalah karena lipofilisitasnya dan stabilitas astaxanthin yang rendah di dalam saluran cerna sehingga membuat ketersediaan hayati yang rendah. Di dalam penelitian ini menawarkan teknologi nano untuk mengembangkan nanoemulsi astaxanthin yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan stabilitas astaxanthin di dalam sediaan dan juga kedepannya untuk mengembangkan jalur penghantaran baru dalam pemakaian antioksidan yakni melalui rute transdermal sehingga ditujukan agar penggunaan astaxanthin dapat optimal. Di dalam penelitian ini akan dibuat formulasi nanoemulsi astaxanthin untuk menghasilkan karakteristik fisik dan kimia yang baik. Nanoemulsi dibuat dengan menggunakan metode Nanoemulsi spontan (SNE). Dilakukan optimasi formula mulai dari skrining fase minyak, skrining jenis surfaktan, dan optimasi rasio fase minyak:surfaktan:kosurfaktan. Karakterisasi nanoemulsi berupa karakterisasi secara fisik meliputi ukuran globul dan indeks polidispersitas, potensial zeta, tampilan visual, dan morfologi globul. Karakterisasi secara kimia meliputi uji efisiensi penjeratan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nanoemulsi Astaxanthin yang dikembangkan memiliki ukuran globul 10-20 nm (dengan kurva distribusi ukuran globul normal), nilai indeks polidispersitas kurang dari 0.5, potensial zeta lebih besar dari (-20) mV, dan efisiensi penjeratan berkisar antara 80-87% s...