The Rb+-uptake kinetics in K+-starved sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants can be explained by the addition of two MichaelisMenten equations. In contrast, Rb+ uptake can be described by a single Michaelis-Menten equation in normal-K plants. Differences in the Kms and in the Arrhenius plots of Rb+ uptake in the two types of plants suggest two uptake modes.(16 and unpublished data of these authors). This system is a 180 kD protein with 12 potential membrane-spanning domains (8).Considering the similarities between plants and fungi in some of the basic transport processes (24), and the similarities between N. crassa and plants in the kinetics of Rb+ uptake, some experiments were designed to disclose more extensive similarities between K+ and Rb+ uptake in plants and fungi.K+ uptake in plants does not exhibit simple MichaelisMenten kinetics. Instead, complex K+ uptake kinetics are usually observed, which have been explained by many different hypotheses. Some authors have proposed the existence of two transport systems (7), or a transport system plus a diffusion component (11), operating in parallel in the plasmalemma or in series in the plasmalemma and tonoplast (12). For some others, the kinetics of a system which intrinsically obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics is modified by external factors, such as the presence of microorganisms in the roots (2) or the unstirred layers outside the membrane (4). Finally, for others the cause of the complex kinetics is intrinsic to the transport protein(s), which either experience conformational changes at different substrate concentrations (14) or changes in transport activity due to a sequential binding of K+ (22).The negative effect of the K+ content on K+ uptake (9, 10), another observable characteristic of these kinetics, has been explained by an allosteric regulation of the system operating at the lower range of K+ concentrations (9, 15) or by longdistance regulation (6).In Helianthus annuus seeds (cv Sun-Gro 380 Eruosemillas, S.A. C6rdoba, Spain) were surface-sterilized in 0.5% NaOCl (1 min) and germinated in perlite irrigated with 5 mM CaCl2. Five-day-old seedlings were transferred to a K+ free nutrient solution complemented with the amount of KC1 required in each experiment and were grown for an additional 9-d period, unless otherwise stated. The K+-free nutrient solution was a slight modification of one previously described (5): 2.5 mm Ca(NO3)2, 1.0 mM MgSO4, 0.25 mM Ca(H2PO4)2, 12.5 ,uM H3BO3, 1.0 AM MnSO4, 1.0 AM ZnSO4, 0.25 MM CuSO4, 0.2 Mm (NH4)6Mo7024, and 10 AM Fe-ethylenediamine-di-o-hydrosyphenylacetic acid. Ca(OH)2 was used to adjust the pH to 5.5. Plants were grown under constant aeration of the nutrient solution in a chamber at 22°C day/l 8°C night, with a 13-h photoperiod and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 350 Mmol m-2s-' at the height of the plant canopy (fluorescent tubes, Sylvania cool white VHO).

The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on gender bias in text. Current research in this field is focused on detecting and correcting for gender bias in existing machine learning models rather than approaching the issue at the dataset level. The underlying motivation is to create a dataset which could enable machines to learn to differentiate bias writing from non-bias writing. A taxonomy is proposed for structural and contextual gender biases which can manifest themselves in text. A methodology is proposed to fetch one type of structural gender bias, Gender Generalization. We explore the IMDB movie review dataset and 9 different corpora from Project Gutenberg. By filtering out irrelevant sentences, the remaining pool of candidate sentences are sent for human validation. A total of 6123 judgments are made on 1627 sentences and after a quality check on randomly selected sentences we obtain an accuracy of 75%. Out of the 1627 sentences, 808 sentence were labeled as Gender Generalizations. The inter-rater reliability amongst labelers was of 61.14%.

Aim To explore the literature regarding how nursing narratives have been used to enhance reflective practice. Design Theoretical review. Data sources A literature search from 1990 – 2017 was conducted in PubMed, CINHAL and PsycINFO databases. Review methods After applying the selection criteria, 13 studies were identified. The quality of articles was evaluated. Results Three themes were identified as the main components of an ongoing narrative process based on looking back to past clinical experiences, creating spaces for dialogue and bringing the worlds of theory and practice closer together. Conclusions This review provides a forum for exploring the use of narratives to enhance reflective practice, which may lead to the acquisition of professional competences.

ResumenEste trabajo analiza el potencial argumentativo que posee el empleo de metáforas en el lenguaje polí-tico y de la prensa. En él se examinan los distintos niveles en que cristaliza el componente valorativo de la metáfora y se ilustra su articulación a través del examen de un Corpus de metáforas políticas y periodísti-cas relacionadas con el "proceso de paz" español de 2006-2007. El estudio de este corpus permite extraer conclusiones interesantes acerca del distinto empleo persuasivo de la metáfora observado, respectivamente, en géneros de tipo noticioso y argumentativo; y acerca de la naturaleza de los terrenos de intersección que se dan entre el lenguaje político y el periodístico en el uso argumentativo de la metáfora.PALABRAS CLAVE: metáfora, argumentación, lenguaje periodístico, lenguaje político, "proceso de paz". AbstractThis article analyzes the argumentative potential of the use of metaphors in media and political communication. The different levéis in which the evaluative content of metaphor crystallizes are examined and their articulation is illustrated by means of a corpus of political and journalistic metaphors related to the Spanish "peace process" (2006)(2007). This corpus-based study yields interesting conclusions as regards the persuasive use of metaphors in different genre (news and argumentative texts) and the nature of the fields of intersection between the metaphoric argumentation found in media and political communication.

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