c-Jun and c-Fos are major components of the transcriptional complex AP-1. Here, we investigate the nuclear import pathway(s) of the transcription factor c-Jun. c-Jun bound specifically to the nuclear import receptors importin , transportin, importin 5, importin 7, importin 9, and importin 13. In digitoninpermeabilized cells, importin , transportin, importin 7, and importin 9 promoted efficient import of c-Jun into the nucleus. Importin ␣, by contrast, inhibited nuclear import of c-Jun in vitro. A single basic region preceding the leucine zipper of c-Jun functions as a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and was required for interaction with all tested import receptors. In vivo, nuclear import of a c-Jun reporter protein lacking the leucine zipper strictly depended on this NLS. In a leucine zipper-dependent manner, c-Jun with mutations in its NLS was still imported into the nucleus in a complex with endogenous leucine zipper proteins or, for example, with cotransfected c-Fos. Together, these results explain the highly efficient nuclear import of the transcription factor c-Jun.Nuclear transport of proteins is mediated by soluble receptor molecules belonging to the importin  superfamily. These proteins, collectively referred to as karyopherins or, depending on the direction of transport, importins and exportins, are characterized by tandem copies of HEAT repeats (for Huntingtin, elongation factor 3, protein phosphatase 2A, TOR1) that provide an interaction surface for many different binding partners. HEAT repeats are ϳ40 amino acids in length and adopt a helixturn-helix conformation with anti-parallel helices. The 18 -20 HEAT repeats result in a superhelical overall structure of the transport receptors with a high degree of flexibility, facilitating the binding to a large variety of different proteins (for review, see Refs. 1-2). Common interaction partners of all karyopherins are the small GTP-binding protein Ran as well as certain nucleoporins, components of the nuclear pore complex. In nuclear export, RanGTP is an integral component of the transport complex. In nuclear import, by contrast, RanGTP functions in the dissociation process of import complexes in the nucleus (3), as binding of cargo molecules and RanGTP to importins is considered to be mutually exclusive. A high concentration of nuclear RanGTP, as required for the formation of export complexes and dissociation of import complexes, results from the activity of the chromatin-associated guanosine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran, RCC1. In the cytoplasm, on the other hand, the GTPase-activating protein RanGAP together with the Ran-binding protein RanBP1 promote GTP hydrolysis on Ran. RanGDP is then imported into the nucleus by a dedicated transport factor, NTF2 (for review, see Refs. 4 and 5).Importins recognize their cargo molecules via certain nuclear localization signals (NLSs).2 The "classic" NLS is characterized by short stretches of basic amino acids, typically lysine residues, occurring either as a single or a bipartite motif. Both motifs interac...
SummaryTranslocation of transport complexes across the nuclear envelope is mediated by nucleoporins, proteins of the nuclear pore complex that contain phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats as a characteristic binding motif for transport receptors. CRM1 (exportin 1), the major export receptor, forms trimeric complexes with RanGTP and proteins containing nuclear export sequences (NESs). We analyzed the role of the nucleoporin-like protein 1, NLP1 (also known as hCG1 and NUPL2) in CRM1-dependent nuclear transport. NLP1, which contains many FG repeats, localizes to the nuclear envelope and could also be mobile within the nucleus. It promotes the formation of complexes containing CRM1 and RanGTP, with or without NES-containing cargo proteins, that can be dissociated by RanBP1 and/or the cytoplasmic nucleoporin Nup214. The FG repeats of NLP1 do not play a major role in CRM1 binding. Overexpression of NLP1 promotes CRM1-dependent export of certain cargos, whereas its depletion by small interfering RNAs leads to reduced export rates. Thus, NLP1 functions as an accessory factor in CRM1-dependent nuclear protein export.
Der Export der meisten Proteine aus dem Zellkern ins Cytosol erfolgt unter Beteiligung des Exportfaktors CRM1. Dieser erkennt einen hydrophoben Bereich des zu exportierenden Proteins (NES = nuclear export signal), bindet ihn in Gegenwart von RanGTP und vermittelt anschließend den Durchtritt durch die Kernpore. Die meisten NES-Substrate besitzen eine relativ geringe Affinität zu CRM1. In den letzten Jahren wurden jedoch Proteine entdeckt, die als Hilfsfaktoren für den Export fungieren indem sie die Bindungsaffinität zwischen CRM1, RanGTP und dem Exportsubstrat erhöhen. Ein Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es herauszufinden, warum in der Zelle Hilfsfaktoren für den CRM1-abhängigen Export vorhanden sind. In vivo-Analysen basierend auf der Überexpression unterschiedlicher Reporterproteine in humanen Zellen zeigten, dass die Exporteffizienz dieser Proteine in Zellen, die mit CRM1 co-transfiziert waren, signifikant erhöht war. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass die Konzentration des Exportfaktors CRM1 für den CRM1-vermittelten Proteinexport limitierend ist und leitet zu der Annahme, dass Hilfsfaktoren den Export deshalb unterstützen können. Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Analyse des Proteins NLP1 (nucleoporin like protein 1). Da andere Gruppen mittels Hefe-zwei-Hybrid-Analysen eine Interaktion zwischen CRM1 und NLP1 nachgewiesen hatten, sollte nun die Funktion von NLP1 im CRM1-abhängigen Proteinexport näher untersucht werden. Es konnte in vivo mittels konventioneller Mikroskopie und FLIP-Analysen gezeigt werden, dass die Überexpression von NLP1 in humanen Zellen eine Verstärkung des Exports verschiedener Reporterproteine hervorrief, während die Depletion von NLP1 zu einer Verminderung des Exports führte. Auch in vitro verstärkte die Zugabe von rekombinantem NLP1 den Export von GFP-NFAT in Digitonin-permeabilisierten Zellen. Somit konnte NLP1 erstmals eine fördernde Rolle im CRM1-abhängigen Proteinexport zugeordnet werden. Hinweise darauf, wie NLP1 den Export von Substraten fördern kann, gaben biochemische Analysen. Sie zeigten, dass NLP1 trimere bzw. tetramere Komplexe mit CRM1 und RanGTP in An-oder Abwesenheit eines Exportsubstrates bilden kann. Dies förderte zum einen die Bindung von CRM1 zu RanGTP und verstärkte zusätzlich die Interaktion zwischen CRM1 und dem Exportsubstrat. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen NLP1 eine stimulierende Funktion im CRM1abhängigen Export von Proteinen zu, die der Zelle Möglichkeiten zur Regulation dieses Transportweges eröffnen könnte.
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