The social organization of captive groups of adult male and female starlings caught in different localities was studied to understand the possible social basis of song sharing. In the nonbreeding season, the social organization was based on within-sex groups or pairs and a few intersexual pairs. The pattern of song sharing clearly reflected the social organization. Members of the social pairs of females shared most of their songs, whereas males shared songs with other males to an extent that depended on their degree of social association. Song sharing was mostly restricted to birds of the same sex. The ability for adult vocal plasticity in both males and females may reflect the variety of possible social situations in this species.In the past decade, the importance of social input on the amount and plasticity of song learning and the choice of tutor has been increasingly demonstrated in different species (indigo buntings [Passerina cyanea], Payne, 1981; marsh wrens [Cistothorus palustris], Kroodsma & Pickert, 1984; white-crowned sparrows [Zonotrichia leucophrys],

Gout is a common systemic metabolic disease caused either by increased uric acid production or by decreased uric acid excretion potentially leading to crystal deposition of monosodium urate in various tissues and resulting in acute gouty attacks mainly initially presenting as mono arthritis of joints. The further course can be accompanied with development of chronic tophaceous gout with or without complications such as skin perforation of tophi accompanied with occurrence of chronic fistula and overlying bacterial infection. When the diagnostic management was early and sufficiently done, it can be successfully treated by specific drugs in most cases, and approximately in up to 5% of cases only surgical intervention becomes necessary that includes various extremity-and motion-preserving procedures, but in life threatening conditions primary amputation as well. The aim of this article is to present practicable interdisciplinary insights of the disease for clinicians on a view of a surgeon.

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