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The present work contributes to elucidating the differences between silica gels obtained by low doses ultrasonic activation, and those obtained by the conventional method, termed as classical sol gel. Silica matrices were produced by sol-gel synthesis process, assisted and non-assisted by an ultrasonic field, and subsequently characterized by various methods. Nitrogen adsorption and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements provided texture and microstructure of the dried gels. The adsorption results show that the sample sonicated for 2 hours presents the most ordered microstructure, characterized by pore shape close to spherical and the narrowest size distribution - about 90 % of the pores for this sample fall into the mesopore range (2-50 nm). SANS data reveal the formation of primary structural units of sizes around 1.5-2 nm which are small linear or branched polymeric species of roughly spherical shape and with rough surface. They are generated in the very early stage of sol gel process, as a result of hydrolysis and condensation reactions. The aggregated primary units form the secondary porous structure which can be described as a rough surface with fractal dimension above 2. The best porosity characteristics were obtained for the sample activated for 2 hours, indicating the optimal doses of sonication in the present conditions. Our results demonstrate the possibility of tailoring the pore size distribution using a low power ultrasonic bath. .

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This paper describes the functioning of a hardening installation with electromagnetic induction from the point of view of generating harmonics in the power distribution. The authors modeled a simplified active filter in parallel configuration in scope of reducing the effects of the generated non-sinusoidal regime. Modeling and simulation were made using PSCAD-EMTDC tool.Index Terms-Electro thermal installation, harmonic currents, active filter, total harmonic distortion.