Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), also known as Groenblad syndrome, is an inherited disorder characterised by mineralisation and fragmentation of elastic fibres in a number of organs including the skin, eyes and arterial blood vessels. The clinical manifestations of PXE centre on three major organ systems: skin, cardiovascular system and the eyes. This review focuses on the ocular manifestations of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, namely, peau d'orange, angioid streaks and choroidal neovascularisation, the clinical course of patients, the diagnostic approaches and current therapeutic strategies, such as laser photocoagulation whether transpupillary thermotherapy or photodynamic therapy, macular translocation surgery and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment.

Since their introduction by Chang et al. in 1987, perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) have become a useful tool in vitreoretinal surgery. They are synthetic compounds with carbon-fluorine chemical chains that have specific physico-chemical properties, which make them valuable for the intraoperative management of the retina by simplifying vitreoretinal surgical maneuvers in a variety of settings. These maneuvers include retinal detachments associated with proliferative vitreous retinopathy, following penetrating trauma, giant retinal tears, dislocated lenses or lens implants and complications from proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy. Purified PFCLs are generally considered to be biologically inert. Despite the stability of PFCLs during vitreoretinal surgery, several studies have indicated that these compounds may be associated with toxicity in ocular tissues. The purpose of this review is to report the use and toxicity of PFCLs in vitreoretinal surgery and to present the latest perspectives on modified PFCLs (hydrofluorocarbon liquids (HFCLs) and HFCL-oligomers).

Provided the complexity of molecular mechanisms involved in ΜΕ development and the effect of corticosteroids on many of these mechanisms, in our case series, Ozurdex appeared to be a safe and beneficial treatment option for persistent ME due to RVO, in patients with poor or complete lack of response after at least 3 consecutive monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. The complication rate of cataract reported in our study is relatively high compared to previous reports. This might be attributed to the multiple injections, as the incidence of cataract increases with time. Regarding IOP elevation, there is no consensus among published clinical trials on the percentage of patients requiring IOP-lowering medications. Further studies with a greater patient population as well as a control group are required in order to confirm our findings.

No abstract