Perfluorocarbon liquids in vitreoretinal surgery: a review of applications and toxicity

Georgalas, Ilias; Ladas, Ioannis; Tservakis, Ioannis; Taliantzis, Sergios; Gotzaridis, Eustratios; Papaconstantinou, Dimitris; Koutsandrea, Chryssanthi

doi:10.3109/15569527.2011.560915

Cited by 42 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…PFCL was initially used in medicine when it was discovered to carry oxygen atoms in the same manner as the blood [21]. In 1987, Chang et al used PFCL for the first time in retinal detachment with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy [22, 23]. During vitrectomy, PFCL flattens the detached retina and displaces the subretinal fluid.…”

Section: Vitreous Substitutesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitreous Substitutes: Old and New Materials in Vitreoretinal Surgery

Alovisi

Panico

Sanctis

et al. 2017

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Recent developments in vitreoretinal surgery have increased the need for suitable vitreous substitutes. A successful substitute should maintain all the physical and biochemical properties of the original vitreous, be easy to manipulate, and be long lasting. Substitutes can be gaseous or liquid, both of which have associated advantages and disadvantages related to their physical properties and use. Furthermore, new surgical techniques with smaller vitreoretinal instruments have driven the use of more viscous substitutes. In this review, we analyze and discuss the most frequently used vitreous substitutes and look ahead to future alternatives. We classify these compounds based on their composition and structure, discuss their clinical use with respect to their associated advantages and disadvantages, and analyze how new vitreoretinal surgical techniques have modified their use.

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Section: Vitreous Substitutesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitreous Substitutes: Old and New Materials in Vitreoretinal Surgery

Alovisi

Panico

Sanctis

et al. 2017

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…The transparency of PLFCs as a colourless and clear media also ensures that the intraoperative usage of the fluid does not affect the observation of the operators during the surgery and intraoperative photocoagulation. The surface tension of PFCLs ensures the liquid staying relatively cohesive after been injected into the vitreous cavity [9, 10]. The low viscosity makes PFCLs easier to handle while injection and removal [11].…”

Section: Commonly Used Types Of Perfluorocarbon Liquids and Their mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorocarbon Liquid: Its Application in Vitreoretinal Surgery and Related Ocular Inflammation

Liu

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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The application of perfluorocarbon liquids has been well acclaimed in vitreoretinal surgery. Its unique physical properties make it an ideal intraoperative tool to improve the efficiency and safety of surgical procedures in complicated cases. The main functions of perfluorocarbon liquids in vitreoretinal surgery include relocating and fixing the detached retina, displacing the subretinal and subchoroidal to fluid anteriorly, revealing proliferative vitreous retinopathy (PVR) for further maneuvers, protecting the macula from exposure to chemicals with potential toxicity, and assisting the removal of foreign body. The related clinical applications include retinal detachment with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant tear, diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and posterior dislocated crystalline and intraocular lenses. The application of perfluorocarbon liquids has been expended over the past fewer years. Several PFCLs related ocular inflammations have been observed in in vitro studies, animal studies, and clinical follow-up. The complete removal of PFCLs is recommended at the end of the surgery in most cases.

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“…Of importance in this case is the flammability and relatively low boiling points of tetradecafluorohexane (<61 °C) and n-hexane (<69 °C), which introduce the need to apply caution when handing these fluids outside of controlled, closed environments. Longer chain fluorocarbons are potentially even more suitable for experimental systems, e.g., Vitreon (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) has RI = 1.335 (close to water) and is both non-toxic and non-volatile (Georgalas et al 2011). A combination of FEP, water and perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene, therefore, appears to be a promising candidate for a water-based RI matched liquid-liquid system.…”

Section: Organic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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Experimental techniques based on optical measurement principles have experienced significant growth in recent decades. They are able to provide detailed information with high-spatiotemporal resolution on important scalar (e.g., temperature, concentration, and phase) and vector (e.g., velocity) fields in single-phase or multiphase flows, as well as interfacial characteristics in the latter, which has been instrumental to step-changes in our fundamental understanding of these flows, and the development and validation of advanced models with ever-improving predictive accuracy and reliability. Relevant techniques rely upon well-established optical methods such as direct photography, laser-induced fluorescence, laser Doppler velocimetry/phase Doppler anemometry, particle image/tracking velocimetry, and variants thereof. The accuracy of the resulting data depends on numerous factors including, importantly, the refractive indices of the solids and liquids used. The best results are obtained when the observational materials have closely matched refractive indices, including test-section walls, liquid phases, and any suspended particles. This paper reviews solid–liquid and solid–liquid–liquid refractive-index-matched systems employed in different fields, e.g., multiphase flows, turbomachinery, bio-fluid flows, with an emphasis on liquid–liquid systems. The refractive indices of various aqueous and organic phases found in the literature span the range 1.330–1.620 and 1.251–1.637, respectively, allowing the identification of appropriate combinations to match selected transparent or translucent plastics/polymers, glasses, or custom materials in single-phase liquid or multiphase liquid–liquid flow systems. In addition, the refractive indices of fluids can be further tuned with the use of additives, which also allows for the matching of important flow similarity parameters such as density and viscosity

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Perfluorocarbon liquids in vitreoretinal surgery: a review of applications and toxicity

Cited by 42 publications

References 88 publications

Vitreous Substitutes: Old and New Materials in Vitreoretinal Surgery

Vitreous Substitutes: Old and New Materials in Vitreoretinal Surgery

Perfluorocarbon Liquid: Its Application in Vitreoretinal Surgery and Related Ocular Inflammation

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

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