Background: Tuberculosis often brings about diffuse fibrotic and other changes to lung tissue also consolidation of lung tissue prompting a decrease in generally lung tissue compliance. Following tuberculosis, the functional status of people is reduced e.g., impaired ventilation and gas exchanges leading to shortness of breath, muscular deconditioning, and a functional status decline is seen Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the six-meter walk distance and physical functional capacity (VO2 max) in 40 – 65 years people with pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy subjects. Methods: Forty healthy subjects (20 males and 20 females) and forty subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (30 males and 10 females) took part in this study. All the subjects underwent a six min walk test. Walk-work was calculated and used for evaluating functional capacity. To examine for significant relationships Pearson product correlation was used Results: A significant difference was found between the groups in regards to 6MWT distance (p < 0.05). For height and body mass index (BMI) Pearson product correlations with 6MWD were significant in normal individual and for the weight and BMI it was significant in the TB sequelae group. Conclusion: A significant difference was found in functional capacity in terms of VO2max between healthy and patients with TB was found. TB sequelae individuals’ group, 52.6% patients had a VO2 max under 21 milliliter per kilogram per minute that brought about an impressive effect of TB sequelae on endurance in regards to cardiorespiratory system. Keywords: functional capacity, hospital, six-minute walk test, tuberculosis

Background: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. There are three types of stroke ischemic stroke hemiplegic stroke and transient ischemic stroke. Objective: To determine the association of lower extremity somatosensory deficit in balance and gait in sub-acute stroke patients. Methods: Cross sectional survey was used in this study. The age group of participants was 40 to 75 years. Sample size was 204 calculated from Rao software and non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. Data was collected from Lahore General Hospital. Data was obtained from patient by applying distal proprioception test to assess the joint position sense. For the assessment of two point discrimination bolay gauge was used. The cutaneous vibration sensation was assessed through tuning fork. Soft goat hair brush was used to check the light touch pressure. For balance assessment berg balance scale and time up and go test was used. Gait was observed through Wisconsin gait index. Results: Mean value and standard deviation of age of participants were 62.99and 6.592 respectively. There was association of berg balance scale with two point discrimination test, light touch pressure and distal proprioception. There was no association between berg balance scale and vibration sense. Mean value and standard deviation of Wisconsin gait index was 23 and 4.986 respectively. Association between TUG and two point discrimination was found. There was no association of TUG with vibration sense, distal proprioception test and light touch pressure. Conclusion: This study concluded that balance was affected in sub-acute stroke patients due to the somatosensory deficit. Fall risk increased in the sub-acute stroke patient as the patients performance measured in time up and go test and berg balance scale. It was also inferred that while patients performing Wisconsin gait index scale, gait was affected in sub-acute stroke patients. Keywords: Balance, Gait, Sub-acute Stroke, fall risk, Somatosensory, Lower extremity

Objectives: To evaluate and find the correlation of balance and functional ankle instability in elderly women. Methodology: A cross-sectional correlation study was conducted from June 2020 to December 2020, in which 61 participants (i.e., elderly women) were included. In the selected old age homes the self-reported questionnaire (Identification of Functional Ankle Instability [IdFAI]) had been distributed to the participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria as hand-outs and the performance-based questionnaire (Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment [POMA]) have been assessed and filled by the researcher. Chi square was used for associations and Pearson correlation for balance score and functional instability score. Results: The mean age of the participants was 64.89±4.30 years. According to the result of Tinetti Balance score, 31.1% elderly women with low risk of fall, medium risk of fall was 32.8% whereas with high risk of fall was 36.1%. The IdFAI showed, elderly women with Ankle Instability 62.3% while elderly women with No Ankle Instability were 37.7%. There was negative (inverse) Pearson linear correlation (r = -0.550) between age and balance (p ≤ 0.05) which means when the age increases, the balance decreases and also a weak association between age and functional ankle instability (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was not adequate evidence to propose an association between Balance and self-reported functional ankle instability.

Background: This ageing is physiological process associated with vestibular dysfunction. The incidence of vestibular problems increases with age and can lead to drops, dropping risk, lack of confidence, pain and depression. Vestibular disorder is commonly characterized by vertigo or body discomfort (look and aggravation of postural stability) (a sense of spinning movement). In older adults with a fall history, peripheral vestibular disorders are among the most frequently known and widespread vestibular dysfunctions. Aim: To associate vestibular dysfunction and motion sensitive vertigo and risk of fall in adults. Methodology: Cross sectional study with convenient non- random sampling. For tests has been applied for screening vestibular dysfunction. If a participant shows 2 tests positive have vestibular dysfunction. SPSS 21 is used for data analysis. Results: Highly significant results between association of age with motion sensitive and age with fall efficacy scale P value is less than 5. Results are also significant between MSQ and FES-1. Conclusion: After conducting this research it has been concluded. That age-related vestibular dysfunction significantly associated with motion sensitive vertigo and risk of fall. As with the age people are more concerned about fall Keywords: vestibular dysfunction, vertigo, risk of fall in adults

Spinal Cord injury (SCI) is a serious public health problem as it not only causes serious functional impairment in the individual but also affects the family and social circle of the patient. The main objective of the study was to investigate the level of functional independence in different levels of SCI patients in Pakistani population. We hypothesized that different levels of SCI experience different levels of functional independence. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional survey was designed, and data was collected from Lahore General Hospital, Ghurki Hospital, and Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. 52 patients suffering from acute spinal cord injury were enrolled in study by using convenient sampling technique. Overall health status of patients was measured using functional independence measure (FIM) tool.  Results: Total 52 patients were assessed in this study. Out of which 50% injuries were reported at cervical level, 15% injuries were reported at thoracic level and 34% were reported at lumbar level.  Percentage of males suffering from SCI (62%) was higher than female (38%). The lowest functional independence level was recorded for cervical injury (FIM score: 40), moderate for thoracic injury (FIM score: 84) and maximum for lumbar injury (FIM score: 102). Conclusion: Within the studied population, the percentage of cervical injuries was more than thoracic and lumbar. Gender proportion in traumatic spinal cord injury showed that men were more prone to injury as compared to female. However, functional independence was associated with level of SCI injury as cervical injuries patients were least independent while lumbar injury patients had high functional independence.