In terms of protecting fibroblast identity and resistance to differentiation, milk was more effective than HBSS.

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The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between gingival biotype and delayed eruption using the probe transparency technique in different age groups. The hypothesis of the present study is that the thick gingival biotype may lead to delayed eruption. Material and Methods: A total of 131 patients (mean age, 90.21± 27.76 months), including 68 males and 63 females were included in the study. Patients were examined in 3 groups according to their dentition periods: between the ages of 3-5 years in Group 1 (G1), 6-8 years in Group 2 (G2), and 9-12 years in Group 3 (G3). Clinically, the gingival biotype was recorded by probe transparency technique. Dental age of the patients was evaluated according to Demirjian method on digital panoramic radiographs. Statistically the chi-square test was used for analysing between the gingival biotype and delayed eruption. Results: The thick gingival biotype was observed in 88.4% and 79.1% in the maxilla and mandible in G1, respectively. In G2, thick biotype-related maxillary delayed eruption was observed in 35% of patients. In G3, the patients who have a thin gingival biotype in mandibular arch showed premature eruption. Conclusion: Delayed eruption may be related especially in thick gingival biotype in maxillary arch.

Objective: All instrumentation techniques and instruments are associated with apical extrusion during chemomechanical preparation, and this causes postoperative pain and flare-up. However, it is controversial whether reciprocal systems or rotary systems cause more apical extrusion. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the differences in the amounts of apically extruded bacteria (AEB) associated with nickel-titanium rotary and reciprocating systems when used in oval-shaped root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy human mandibular premolar teeth with oval-shaped canals were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (15 teeth in each group) and one control group (10 teeth). The root canals were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and instrumented using two full-sequence rotary instruments (ProTaper Universal [PTU] and ProTaper Next [PTN]) and two reciprocating single-file instruments (Reciproc [R] and WaveOne [WO]). A 0.9% NaCl solution was used as an irrigant, and the bacterial extrusion was quantified as the number of colony-forming units for each sample. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Mann-Whitney U test, and the statistical significance level was set at p <0.05. Results: The R system was associated with the highest amount of bacterial extrusion (p <0.05). The PTU system caused more bacterial extrusion than the PTN and WO systems (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the PTN and WO systems (p >0.05). Conclusions: All instrumentation techniques caused apical bacterial extrusion. The instrument design and preparation techniques affect the number of extruded bacteria.KEYWORDS Apical extrusion; Bacteria; Endodontics; Root canal preparation.