National Health Insurance program changed the pattern of health financing in Indonesia from fee to service system to capitation system. The capitation system is expected to reduce the risk of the community's own health costs and overcome inequalities of health services. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the implementation of capitation payment system in overcoming health services problems. Although the implementation of NHI in Indonesia helps to equalize health services, there are quite number of problems in implementing NHI with the capitation system, among others, not all of the population is covered as participants, inequality of health facilities, varied quality of health services, health human resources, and management of capitation funds, monitoring, non-optimal referral systems, and varied geographic conditions had potential for widening health inequalities between community groups. Public health services should not only focus on treating individuals who are sick, but can do more important things such as making efforts to prevent and improve health. The capitation payment system is the most effective system for solving health services problems even though its implementation still not optimal and there are several shortcomings that can be fixed.

Gagal ginjal kronik (GGK) merupakan penyakit ginjal dengan glomelural filtration rate (GFR) sekitar 15-59 mL/menit/1.73m². Manifestasi oral pada pasien GGK telah banyak dilaporkan. Manifestasi tersebut dapat dipengaruhi oleh penyakit ginjal itu sendiri, obat, maupun terapi yang diberikan. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan temuan klinis pseudomembran oral candidiasis pada pasien GGK. Seorang laki-laki berusia 41 tahun menderita GGK dan sedang dirawat inap di BangsalMawar, RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo. Pasien mengeluhkan bercak putih pada lidah dan mulut kering. Pasien jarang sikat gigi selama rawat inap. Pemeriksaan intra oral terdapat lesi berupa plak berbentuk irregular berwarna putih di area dorsum lidah yang dapat dikerok dan meninggalkan area kemerahan. Rongga mulut pasien tercium adanya bau uremik. Pasien didiagnosis pseudomembran oral candidiasis yang diduga akibat kondisi xerostomia karena kadar ureum yang tinggi serta penggunaan obat antihipertensi (amlodipine) dan diuretik (furosemide). Xerostomia juga dapat dipengaruhi oral hygiene yang tidak terjaga selama rawat inap, kondisi imunosupresi, dan malnutrisi yang meningkatkan risiko terjadinya pseudomembran oral candidiasis. Pilihan medikasi untuk kandidiasis pseudomembran rongga mulut yang aman bagi pasien GGK adalah nistatin sediaan krim atau suspensi oral. Kesimpulan: Gagal ginjal kronik merupakan penyakit sistemik yang dapat mempengaruhi timbulnya lesi oral, antara lain pseudomembran oral candidiasis.