Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to determine the scale of mobbing in banks, in particular we seek to investigate who is the most frequently a mobber and who is most often affected by mobbing. Approach/Methodology/Design: English and Polish literature from EBSCO, ProQuest, and Emerald databases were used to write the article. The methods that were used for the study were classification trees, the Mann-Whitney test, and descriptive statistics. Findings: This paper presents the results of an empirical study of bank employees in Poland and Russia. The following hypotheses were adopted: 1. Superiors are more likely to be perpetrators of mobbing than employees at the same organizational structure level. 2. Women more often than men report that they are victims of mobbing. Both hypotheses were disconfirmed in the research. Indeed, it turned out that employees at a similar level were more likely to be guilty of mobbing and that men were more often victims of mobbing. Practical Implications: The phenomenon of mobbing is poorly understood, especially in banks. We managed to identify the groups most exposed to mobbing. In these groups, antimobbing prevention should be implemented first. Originality/Value: Banks are very reluctant to undertake any research cooperation. The obtained results shed new light on who is being mobbed in general and who is being mobbed in financial institutions. The contribution of this paper is also to propose a mobbing index, which takes into account not only the frequency of mobbing but also its quality aspects, i.e., the various types of mobbing.

Business entities strive for continuous adaptation to changing situations and needs. The decisions of business entities entangled in multifaceted processes of economic, social, and environmental progress must be taken on the basis of reliable knowledge, developed know-how, scrupulous recognition of the initial state, and foresight of the multiple consequences of business actions over a long horizon. In such a situation, the measurement of financial efficiency in terms of the profitability of enterprises in meat and poultry industries is extremely desired and provides valuable information on the necessary modifications to reduce the potential risks of business operation. The Polish meat and poultry industries should take into account current and future market requirements, competition, and consumer response. The dynamic progress of technology is forced to take appropriate steps to improve and modernize products, services, and methods of solving profit losses. The aim of the paper is to calculate and evaluate the statistical relationships between profitability ratios in Polish meat and poultry enterprises divided into four groups: slaughterhouses, meat enterprises (small, medium, and large), poultry meat enterprises, and meat trade enterprises. In the theoretical part of the study, methods of descriptive, comparative, deductive, and synthetic analyses were used. In the practical part of the study, panel data from the entire meat and poultry industries in the period from 2010 to 2019 were used. For the measurement of financial efficiency, methods, such as financial indicator analysis, panel database modeling, and nonparametric ANOVA, were applied. The ANOVA method was used to test only the statistically significant relationships between profitability ratios across all groups of examined enterprises in the meat and poultry industries. To summarize, the optimal level of profitability was achieved by all groups of examined enterprises, except small meat enterprises. The highest financial efficiency in the area of profitability was reached by poultry enterprises. Moreover, financial support for small companies in the meat industry can bring tangible benefits such as maintaining a diversified product range locally and transforming small meat companies into buying centers for the local community. Both are effective solutions, especially in view of the post-pandemic situation.

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As the experiences of the Central and Eastern European countries show, the reforms connected with decentralization were important in agendas of transformation. It must be also stressed that their implementation had not only political impact as formation and empowerment of new territorial authorities was targeted also on the provision of improved public services to citizens according to the European standards such principles of subsidiarity and self-government. The aim of the article is to present the recent attempts for decentralization and local reforms and their impacts in Ukraine in order to indicate achievements and the possibilities of strengthening public services through the implementation of European self-government and public governance standards. The paper explores the process connected with implementation of series of reforms conducted since 2014 in the researched field. It also proves that the acts recently adopted in Ukraine constitute legal basis not only for the distribution of powers between the authorities at various levels of territorial-administrative system, but they are aimed to improve the quality and efficiency of public services.