Avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida, Plasmodium) are of cosmopolitan distribution, and they have a significant impact on vertebrate host fitness. Experimental studies show that high parasitemia often develops during primary malaria infections. However, field studies only occasionally reveal high parasitemia in free-living birds sampled using the traditional methods of mist-netting or trapping, and light chronic infections predominate. The reason for this discrepancy between field observation and experimental data remains insufficiently understood. Since mist-netting is a passive capture method, two main parameters determine its success in sampling infected birds in wildlife, i. e. the presence of parasitized birds at a study site and their mobility. In other words, the trapping probability depends on the survival rate of birds and their locomotor activity during infection. Here we test (1) the mortality rate of wild birds infected with Plasmodium relictum (the lineage pSGS1), (2) the changes in their behaviour during presence of an aerial predator, and (3) the changes in their locomotor activity at the stage of high primary parasitemia.We show that some behavioural features which might affect a bird's survival during a predator attack (time of reaction, speed of flush flight and take off angle) did not change significantly during primary infection. However, the locomotor activity of infected birds was almost halved compared to control (non-infected) birds during the peak of parasitemia. We report (1) the markedly reduced mobility and (2) the 20% mortality rate caused by P. relictum and conclude that these factors are responsible for the underrepresentation of birds in mist nets and traps during the stage of high primary parasitemia in wildlife. This study indicates that the widespread parasite, P. relictum (pSGS1) influences the behaviour of birds during primary parasitemia. Experimental studies combined with field observations are needed to better understand the mechanisms of pathogenicity of avian malaria parasites and their influence on bird populations.

Zieger, M.V., Vakoliuk, I.A., Tuchina, O.P., Zhukov, V.V. and Meyer-Rochow, V.B. 2009. Eyes and vision in Arion rufus and Deroceras agreste (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Pulmonata): What role does photoreception play in the orientation of these terrestrial slugs? -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90 : 189-204This paper deals with the orientational behaviour in the two terrestrial slugs Arion rufus and Deroceras agreste . It presents anatomical details of their eyes and provides an appraisal of the eyes' optical system. In both species the retinae contain two principal types of cell: photoreceptive and pigmented supportive cells. While only the eye of A. rufus apparently contains neurosecretory neurones, that of D. agreste is the only one equipped with a small additional retina with its own separate lens. Lens shapes vary between ovoid ( A. rufus ) and spherical ( D. agreste ). Our results demonstrate that the camera-type eyes in A. rufus and D. agreste have optical systems that do not allow the production of a sharp image on the retina. The slugs demonstrate negative visually mediated phototactic behaviour, but no polarization sensitivity. Only one aspect of the visual environment, namely the overall distribution of light and dark, seems to be important for these slugs. As the main role of the slugs' photoreceptors is to monitor environmental brightness and to assist the animal in orientating towards dark places, we conclude that these slugs do not need to perceive sharp images.

Zhukov, V.V., Borissenko, S.L., Zieger, M.V., Vakoliuk, I.A. and MeyerRochow, V.B. 2006. The eye of the freshwater prosobranch gastropod Viviparus viviparus : ultrastructure, electrophysiology and behaviour. -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 87 : 13 -24We used light and electron microscopy to study the retinal organization of the eye of Viviparus viviparus . Electroretinogram (ERG) recordings were used to investigate the electrophysiological responsiveness to flashes of light of varying intensity and colour, behavioural observations were made of phototactic reactions, and optical measurements and calculations related to the path of light rays in the eye were made. The retina contains principally two types of cells: first, photoreceptor cells with both microvilli and cilia, and second, cells, often strongly pigmented, that are supportive in nature. The ERGs obtained were essentially similar in form, amplitude and duration to those known from other gastropods that have exclusively rhabdomeric photoreceptors. Spectral sensitivity curves closely fitted the absorption spectrum of a rhodopsin-like pigment. The spectral sensitivity peak was at 475 nm. Measurements of the refractive indices of the lens gave values of 1.55 for the outer layer and 1.57 for the lens core. None of the snails tested exhibited a 'defensive reflex' and although no preference between light and dark regions was expressed, we nevertheless argue that, on the basis of optical measurements and calculations, the eye of V. viviparus is well-adapted for seeing under water. Our main conclusion is that in the eye of V. viviparus with its 'mixed photoreceptor' cell type, there is an equal probability for microvilli and cilia to function as principal photoreceptive elements.

A number of alleles of polymorphic genes, dysfunctions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotransmitter disorders, and manifestations of immune dysregulation are associated with vulnerability to stress. Post-stress states of humans and animals are accompanied by signs of neuroinflammation, the causes and mechanisms of which remain to be elucidated. The article discusses epigenetic mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota might participate in the initiation and maintenance of post-stress inflammation.

Большинство исследований зрительного внимания при распознавании лицевых экспрессий па-циентами с тревожными расстройствами направлены на оценку различий при одновременном предъ-явлении «угрожающих» и «не угрожающих» стимулов. Данное исследование направлено на провер-ку гипотезы о том, что при патологической тревоге имеются специфические характеристики движе-ний глаз при распознавании отдельно предъявляемых лицевых экспрессий. Выборка -23 испытуе-мых. Группа контроля (n=14), средний возраст 26,5 ±5,4 лет. Экспериментальная группа (n=9) -па-циенты с тревожными расстройствами, средний возраст 31±3,64 года. Движения глаз регистрирова-ли с помощью айтрекера RED-m (SMI). Испытуемым последовательно предъявляли 18 фотографий из базы FACS: эмоции, связанные (гнев, страх, отвращение) и не связанные (удивление, радость, пе-чаль) с угрозой. Дефицита в распознавании лицевых экспрессий при патологической тревоге не обна-ружено. Точность распознавания эмоции «страх» в экспериментальной группе достоверно выше, чем в группе контроля (p<0,01). Результаты айтрекинга позволяют предположить, что патологическая тревога оказывает влияние на распознавание лицевых экспрессий таким образом, что высокоинфор-мативной нижней части лица уделяется меньше внимания, чем в норме, а области глаз и носа больше, по сравнению со здоровыми испытуемыми. Обсуждается возможное адаптивное значение выявлен-ных характеристик движений глаз.Ключевые слова: движения глаз, айтрекинг, паттерны движений глаз, распознавание эмоций по лицевым экспрессиям, тревожные расстройства. ВведениеРаспознавание эмоций по лицевым экспрессиям -важный социальный навык чело-века. Он имеет высокое адаптивное значение и рассматривается в современной когнитив-ной науке как один из наиболее важных путей обмена информацией об эмоциях в невер-бальной коммуникации (Барабанщиков, 2012; Михайлова, 2005). Для цитаты:Шалагинова И. Г., Ваколюк И. А. Характеристики движений глаз у пациентов с тревожными расстрой-ствами при распознавании эмоций по лицевой экспрессии // Экспериментальная психология. 2016.