Patients with post-stress pathologies display the signs of inflammation in the peripheral blood as well as in the brain. The mechanisms of such post-stress neuroimmune changes, their contribution to the behavior, the relationship of the intensity of inflammation with genetically determined features have not been clarified. The goal of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of post-stress inflammation in the blood and hippocampus of rats which differ in level of excitability of the nervous system. Rats of two strains (high/low excitability threshold) were subjected to stress according to the K. Hecht protocol and their behavior, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and the number of Iba+ cells in the hippocampus were analysed 24 hours, 7 and 24 days after stress exposure. Highly excitable animals show an increase in anxiety-like behavior, in the number of neutrophils compared to lymphocytes as well as in the number of Iba1+ cells in CA1, CA3 and DG areas of the hippocampus in response to stress. Thus, hereditary high excitability of the nervous system is a possible risk factor for the development of post-stress pathologies.

Neuroinflammation causes morphological and functional changes in the nervous tissue and it can be triggered by different kind of stressors. Progress of neuroinflammation as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with morphological changes in neurons and glial cells, as well as activation of microglia, however the exact molecular mechanisms of these changes are still unknown. In this review we discuss the connections between endocrine, immune and limbic systems during stress, the contributions of each system, the role of blood-brain barrier, as well as current methods and approaches in studying neuroinflammation.

Stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders. Neuroinflammation is considered as one of the mechanisms by which stress alters the molecular and cellular plasticity in the nervous tissue and thus entails CNS dysfunction. The contribution of genetically determined features of the nervous system to the development of post-stress neuroinflammation has not been sufficiently studied. In this study, the dynamics of post-stress changes in mRNA levels of the il-1 β and tnf genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were evaluated in the blood and brain of two rat strains with high and low excitability thresholds of the nervous system (HT and LT, respectively). Changes in IL-1β and TNF mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR 24 h, 7, 24 and 60 days after long-term long-term emotional and painful stress in the blood and three brain structures involved in the development of post-stress pathology (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala). In highly excitable LT rats, IL-1β mRNA level in the hippocampus and amygdala increased compared to the control 24 days after stress termination, while in low-excitable HT animals, an increase in the level of IL-1β mRNA was only detected in the hippocampus at the same time point. TNF mRNA level did not change in any of the rat strains at any of the post-stress time points. Genetically determined excitability of the nervous system is a promising marker of individual stress vulnerability, as manifested in post-stress disorders associated with developmental and time-course features of neuroinflammation.

Post-stress states in animals and humans are accompanied by the development of neuro- and peripheral inflammation. The mechanisms of such immune dysfunctions, their contribution to the pathogenesis of stress-related diseases, as well as the dependence of the intensity of poststress inflammation on genetically determined features of the nervous system, have not been clarified.Aim: to assess the dynamics of the development of poststress inflammation depending on the genetically determined level of excitability of the nervous system in rats.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male rats of two lines, selected by the threshold of excitability of the nervous system-the line HT (high threshold of excitability) and LT (low threshold of excitability). As a model of chronic stress, the Protocol of long-term emotional and pain exposure according to Hecht was used. To investigate the dynamics of changes in the leukocyte formula, three time points were selected: 24 hours, 7 days and 24 days after the stressor. Morphological analysis of blood was carried out to determine the leukogram, for which the leukocytes were counted in a blood smear stained by Romanovsky-Gimza.Results. Chronic stress leads to an increase in the leukocyte shift index only in the experimental group of highly excitable rats of the LT line compared with control animals of the same line. The significance of the differences is confirmed on day 7 after the end of the stressor. No interline differences in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios were found in intact animals of LT and HT lines.Conclusion. In rats with a genetically determined high level of excitability of the nervous system, post-stressor systemic inflammation appears 7 days after the end of the stressor. Animals with a low level of excitability of the nervous system had no signs of post-stress inflammation throughout the observations. The article discusses the possible mechanisms of detected immune dysfunctions in animals due to high excitability of the central nervous system.

Большинство исследований зрительного внимания при распознавании лицевых экспрессий па-циентами с тревожными расстройствами направлены на оценку различий при одновременном предъ-явлении «угрожающих» и «не угрожающих» стимулов. Данное исследование направлено на провер-ку гипотезы о том, что при патологической тревоге имеются специфические характеристики движе-ний глаз при распознавании отдельно предъявляемых лицевых экспрессий. Выборка -23 испытуе-мых. Группа контроля (n=14), средний возраст 26,5 ±5,4 лет. Экспериментальная группа (n=9) -па-циенты с тревожными расстройствами, средний возраст 31±3,64 года. Движения глаз регистрирова-ли с помощью айтрекера RED-m (SMI). Испытуемым последовательно предъявляли 18 фотографий из базы FACS: эмоции, связанные (гнев, страх, отвращение) и не связанные (удивление, радость, пе-чаль) с угрозой. Дефицита в распознавании лицевых экспрессий при патологической тревоге не обна-ружено. Точность распознавания эмоции «страх» в экспериментальной группе достоверно выше, чем в группе контроля (p<0,01). Результаты айтрекинга позволяют предположить, что патологическая тревога оказывает влияние на распознавание лицевых экспрессий таким образом, что высокоинфор-мативной нижней части лица уделяется меньше внимания, чем в норме, а области глаз и носа больше, по сравнению со здоровыми испытуемыми. Обсуждается возможное адаптивное значение выявлен-ных характеристик движений глаз.Ключевые слова: движения глаз, айтрекинг, паттерны движений глаз, распознавание эмоций по лицевым экспрессиям, тревожные расстройства. ВведениеРаспознавание эмоций по лицевым экспрессиям -важный социальный навык чело-века. Он имеет высокое адаптивное значение и рассматривается в современной когнитив-ной науке как один из наиболее важных путей обмена информацией об эмоциях в невер-бальной коммуникации (Барабанщиков, 2012; Михайлова, 2005). Для цитаты:Шалагинова И. Г., Ваколюк И. А. Характеристики движений глаз у пациентов с тревожными расстрой-ствами при распознавании эмоций по лицевой экспрессии // Экспериментальная психология. 2016.