Work arrangements with hiring mediated by digital platforms (digiwork) have grown exponentially in recent years, both in the form of crowdwork and in the form of work on demand via app. However, there is still little systematization regarding knowledge about the elements that characterize this arrangement. Through a scoping review of the literature covering the period from 2005 to 2021, this study sought to identify the digiwork design characteristics, organizing it based on two specific categories: its requirements and the resources available to the worker. For that, it used the model of job demands and resources (JD-R) as a theoretical basis. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the 43 articles reviewed allowed for the identification of an important imbalance between the demands and resources present in digiwork. It also indicated many missing resources that make it difficult for workers to adequately deal with the demands of both the organization and the task. Among the most prominent demands, imprecision in labor categorization, surveillance via algorithmic management and self-management of risks stand out, while flexibility appears as the most cited resource present, and social protection as the most relevant resource absent. Taken together, the digiwork design characteristics may contribute to the worker's burnout process, in addition to interfering with their motivational process. This generates both suboptimal performance and damage to the worker’s health and well-being.
Resumo O arranjo de trabalho cuja contratação é mediada por plataformas digitais (digitrab) tem crescido exponencialmente nos últimos anos, tanto sob a forma de trabalho de multidão ( crowdworking ) quanto sob a forma de trabalho sob demanda via aplicativo ( work on demand via app ). No entanto, ainda há pouca sistematização no que se refere ao conhecimento sobre os elementos que caracterizam esse arranjo. Mediante uma revisão de escopo da literatura que compreendeu o período de 2005 a 2021, este estudo buscou identificar as características do desenho do trabalho digitrab, organizando-o a partir de duas categorias específicas: as demandas que requisita e os recursos disponíveis ao trabalhador. Para tanto, utilizou como base teórica o modelo de demandas e recursos no trabalho (JD-R). Após aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, os 43 artigos analisados permitiram identificar que há um desequilíbrio importante entre as demandas e os recursos presentes no digitrab, indicando, ainda, que há muitos recursos ausentes que dificultam que os trabalhadores lidem adequadamente com as exigências da organização e da tarefa. Dentre as demandas mais proeminentes, destacam-se a imprecisão na categorização laboral, a vigilância via gerenciamento algorítmico e o autogerenciamento de riscos, enquanto a flexibilidade figura como o recurso presente mais citado, e a proteção social como o recurso ausente mais relevante. Tomadas em conjunto, as características do desenho do digitrab podem contribuir para o processo de desgaste do trabalhador, além de interferirem no seu processo motivacional, gerando tanto desempenho abaixo do ideal quanto prejuízos à saúde e ao bem-estar do trabalhador.
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