Unia Europejska jako aktor globalny, nie tylko rozszerza podmiotowo swoje dzia-³ania zewnêtrzne, ale tak¿e nieustannie wzbogaca swoje instrumentarium. Istotnym instrumentem staj¹ siê w tym kontekoecie zasoby kosmiczne, które pozwalaj¹ Unii na realizacjê celów polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeñstwa oraz promowanie swoich wartooeci w sposób pe³niejszy i znacznie bardziej autonomiczny, co potwierdzaj¹ stosowne zapisy Traktatu z Lizbony. Zasada spójnooeci dzia³añ zewnêtrznych, podkreoelona w katalogu nadrzêdnych zasad UE, miêdzy innymi w art. 21 ust. 3 z innymi politykami Unii sprawia, ¿e realizacja polityki kosmicznej Unii Europejskiej zwi¹zana jest równie¿ dzia³aniami podejmowanymi na arenie miêdzynarodowej. Nale¿y do nich tak¿e i przede wszystkim realizacja zadañ i celów Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony, gdzie wykorzystanie zasobów i zdolnooeci technologicznych Unii Europejskiej ma kluczowe znaczenie dla skutecznooeci dzia³añ w tym wymiarze. Nale¿y jednak podkreoeliae, ¿e Europejska Polityka Kosmiczna pozostaje nadal w pocz¹tkowej fazie rozwoju, a zatem jej oddzia³ywanie na Wspóln¹ Politykê Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony nale¿y oceniae raczej przez pryzmat mo¿liwooeci wykorzystania zasobów kosmicznych. Z drugiej strony nale¿y równie¿ wskazaae, ¿e zasoby kosmiczne s¹ wykorzystywane przez Uniê Europejsk¹ od momentu utworzenia Centrum Satelitarnego w Torrejon, którego zdaniem jest przetwarzanie danych uzyskanych ze zdjêae satelitarnych na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony.Celem artyku³u jest wskazanie mo¿liwooeci i przyk³adów faktycznego wykorzystania zasobów kosmicznych na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony, ze szczególnym uwzglêdnieniem unormowañ prawnych analizowanego zjawiska. Struktura artyku³u przedstawia siê nastêpuj¹co. W czêoeci pierwszej wskazane zostan¹ podstawowe dokumenty, stanowi¹ce ramy dla wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony. Czêoeae druga pracy zawieraae bêdzie charakterystykê realizowanych programów, jak równie¿ zakres i analizê zbie¿nooeci Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony z dzia³aniami podejmowanymi przez Uniê Europejsk¹ w innych obszarach swej aktywnooeci. Czêoeae trzecia, bêd¹ca jednoczeoenie podsumowaniem, pooewiêcona zostanie proponowanym zmianom pro-Nr 8
This article aims to analyze U.S. space power theories formulated by eminent military strategists and analysts with reference to International Relations theories. Starting with the statement that space systems and space exploitation are becoming an increasingly important factor for states and non‑state actors, the article seeks to explore if current space power theories meet the requirements of the changing reality. The main assumption of the article is that space power theories in their current form should be perceived rather as tailor‑made doctrines formulated for strategic and political purposes, and not new IR theories, because they have many deficiencies. The article contains a review of basic theoretical attempts made by David E. Lupton, James E. Oberg and James C. Moltz, as well as a critical analysis of them in the context of IR. As a result, the article concludes that a comprehensive space power theory has not been formulated yet, and poses an academic challenge to IR theorists.
The aim of the article is to analyse European space policy as a unique and innovative undertaking established within the European Union in order to acquire its strategic space autonomy. European space policy evolution, as well as its implementation and space assets being at the EU disposal, are key enablers of the EU space autonomy. The main assumption of the article is that the EU pursues a strategic autonomy in space because it is indispensable to achieve a strategic autonomy in almost all the realms including security and political ones. That is why European space policy was introduced and a key space programmes including Copernicus and Galileo were initiated. As a result, the EU joined the group of space-faring powers as an influential global player that makes an additional considerable contribution to the structural changes in the outer space governance. A qualitative approach used to analyse this topic should lead to several findings. A strategic space autonomy, which is crucial for the EU to perform its multiple roles, could be grouped into three functional levels: institutional, systemic, and military.
The purpose of the article is to analyze ESP in the context of different modes of governance. Assuming that ESP is a unique and multidimensional product of dynamic political, technological, and social processes and ideas coordinated by the EU, its member states as well as non-member ones and implemented in an international environment, there are some research questions to be answered. First, is there any particular mode of governance that should be applied to the analysis of ESP implementation? Second, in what way the EU introduced space policy and space assets to the European agenda? Third, how ESP can be framed within the overall process of European integration? A qualitative research approach has been applied as well as theoretic apparatus embedded in European integration studies and political science. The main finding of the article is that the most promising way of governance within ESP is experimentalist governance. The originality of the article results from the application of the newly established experimentalist governance theory to an analysis of the increasingly important segment of EU activity.
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