A simple, economic and validated spectrofluorimetric method was developed to assay cefixime (CFX). The technique relies on the quenching effect of CFX on the fluorescence intensity of eosin Y in the presence of acetate buffer pH 3.4 to produce an ion‐pair complex that is measured at 549 nm using an excitation wavelength of 300 nm. Reaction‐influencing factors were carefully investigated and optimized. The fluorescence quenching value was linear to the CFX concentration in the range 0.2–40 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.992. The calculated limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.00242 and 0.0080 μg ml−1, respectively. The selectivity of the method was confirmed by studying the effects of excipients and no interference was distinguished. The developed method was used to determine CFX in marketable products and in biological samples. To validate the method, directives of the International Conference on Harmonization were applied and per cent recoveries obtained ranged from 95.30 to 102.50% for pharmaceutical products and from 97.00 to 103.00% for biological fluids.

A simple, fast and interference free spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the quantification of ciprofloxacin in its pure form, pharmaceutical preparations and in human plasma. The method is based on the enhancement of the weak fluorescence signal of drugs by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant micelles in citrate buffer at pH 5.5. Different experimental parameters like buffers, surfactant type and concentration were investigated. The fluorescence intensity of ciprofloxacin was measured at 446 nm (emission) and at 328 nm (excitation). A linear relationship between concentration of ciprofloxacin and fluorescence intensity was found in the range of 0.04 μg/mL–6.0 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9946. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated and found to be 3.87 × 10−5 and 1.29 × 10−4 μg/mL respectively. The effect of common excipients and co-administered drugs were also investigated and the method was found free of interferences. The method was successfully applied for the determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma with percentage recoveries of 97.08 % to 99.32 % and 95.00 % to 101.25 % respectively.

Grandmultiparity has long been classified as constituting a high risk factor in pregnancy. The complications associatedwith grandmultiparity have been divided into ante-partum, intra-partum and the postpartum. Intrapartum complications most commonlythought to be associated with grandmultiparity are malpresentations, placental disorders, postpartum hemorrhage and uterine rupture.Concerted effort should be instituted for effective family planning initiatives and specialized antepartum and intrapartum management.Objective: To determine the frequency of intrapartum complications and mode of delivery in grandmultipara. Material and Methods: Itis descriptive case series study conducted in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Punjab Medical College and affiliated hospitals,Faisalabad from March 11, 2010 to September 10, 2010. Results: Grandmultipara women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria werestudied for intrapartum complications and mode of deliveries. One hundred and thirty nine patients were included in my study. Mean ageof the patients was 32.38 years. Mean gestational age for delivery was 37.06 weeks. Grandmultiparas had more intrapartumcomplications including malpresentation (19.4%), placental abruption (5.8%), placenta previa (8.6%), postpartum hemorrhage (6.5%)and ruptured uterus (1.4%). Mode of delivery was also assessed and 59%, 7.9 %, 31.7% of patients had normal vaginal delivery,instrumental vaginal delivery and cesarean section respectively. Conclusions: It is concluded that in the developing countries theincidence of grandmultiparity is still high with a significantly increased risk of complications. Grandmultiparity should be considered highrisk and needs active intervention by improving literacy, health care facilities, provision of safe and effective contraception andreproductive health status.

A rapid, simple and economical spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of diclofenac potassium in pure form, in pharmaceutical preparations and in human plasma has been developed. The method is based on the enhancement of the fluorescence signal of diclofenac potassium by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulphate in McIvaine buffer with a pH of 5. Different experimental conditions such as buffer type, pH, type and concentration of surfactants were investigated. The fluorescence intensity of the solution was recorded at 361 nm after excitation at 243 nm. The method shows linearity in the concentration range of 0.2 μg mL–1–10 μg mL–1 with a good correlation coefficient of 0.997. The relative standard deviation value was 3.62 (n = 7). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 2.84 × 10–3 μg mL–1 and 9.47 × 10–3 μg mL-1, respectively. The effect of excipients and co-administrated drugs was investigated and no interference was observed. The method was successfully applied for the determination of diclofenac potassium in pure form, in pharmaceutical products and in human plasma. The percentage recoveries obtained ranged from 100.25% to 102.16% for pure form and 97.50% to 102.00% for pharmaceutical products and from 98.50% to 101.67% for human plasma.