This article analyzes the influence of Internet and e-commerce diffusion in the development of European countries. Conclusions about the faster spread of Internet technologies in the modern world, especially in developing countries, due to the achievement of so-called “saturation points” by developed countries of the world (e-commerce markets in Ukraine and Poland are at the stage of formation and active growth) have been made. The purpose of this article is to construct an economic and mathematical toolkit for investigating the impact of the Internet and e-commerce on indicators of economic development of the country. The methods of scientific analysis, description and synthesis, modeling and statistical analysis are used in the research. Models of technologies diffusion have been considered, and as a basis, the distribution of the Internet in Poland, Austria and Ukraine is forecasted. Findings suggest that Internet technology spread has a significant impact on the development of e-commerce, and Internet development in different countries of the world. This study uses the classification of countries according to the World Bank Country Classification, which, since 2005, has ranked countries by GDP per capita into four groups:1) low-income;2) lower-middle-income;3) upper-middle-income;4) high-income.It has been found that the pace of Internet technology and broadband Internet access spread is a lot higher in low-income countries due to the later beginning of the diffusion process, while in the high-income countries, the peak of Internet development has passed and the technology spread has slowed down.

Introduction. Nowadays in conditions of growing instability of the market economy more and more attention of scientists is paid to the analysis of both existing approaches to the regu­lation of economic processes and the development of new ones. A particular attention is paid to the theory of John Maynard Keynes, and in the programs of governments all around the world Keynesian recommendations are widely used to stimulate aggregate demand in a crisis in the economy through financial and monetary regulation. The purpose of the article is to summarize the scientific contribution of John Maynard Keynes in the development of the theory of public, financial and monetary regulation and focus on the peculiarities of the impact of individual factors on the value of effective aggregate demand. Results. Both the government and political activity and scientific contribution of John May­nard Keynes to the development of world economic thought were analyzed. The theoretical approaches of the scientist to substantiation of necessity of macroeconomic regulation in the conditions of strengthening of economic and financial instability and overcoming of the crisis phenomena in economy were generalized. It was found that, according to the scientist, the solution of important problems of the market economy is possible on the basis of the formation of effective demand for resources, which can be regulated through financial and monetary pol­icy instruments. It was established that the main provisions of Keynesian theory remain in the arsenal of economics, and its recommendations for stimulating effective aggregate demand are widely used by governments around the whole world. Conclusions. It is shown that the main provisions of the Keynesian theory remain in the arsenal of economic science and largely determine its current orientation, although they have undergone a certain evolution in the development of modern Keynesians, who take into account today’s economic realities.

The scientific article identifies the key factors impacting the state and development of domestic companies, such as deep and prolonged financial and economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the Russian-Ukrainian war, which led to financial instability, inflationary processes, devaluation of the national currency, reduction of aggregate demand and significant limitation of resource capabilities.It has been highlighted the means and methods of restructuring the work of companies in modern conditions in order to increase the efficiency of its functioning. It has been considered the approaches to restructuring the company based on the concept of business process reengineering. This concept is based on organizational changes and the use of new information technologies in the company's activities. The

Introduction. The financial instability has significantly increased due to the liberalization of foreign economic relations, the weakening of state control over the movement of capital and the acceleration of globalization processes in the financial and credit sphere. It has weakened the sustainability of national economies and made them more vulnerable to crisis shocks. Significant economic losses from crisis phenomena increase the need for research of the nature of financial instability and sustainability of the economy, the factors affecting its condition and the identification of pre-crisis risks. Issues of developing and effectively utilizing measures aimed at improving the financial stability of the economy remain relevant. It will minimize the negative impact of shocks and maintain steadily growing economic dynamics. The purpose is to generalize theoretical approaches in order to determine the essence of financial stability, financial instability and financial sustainability, to identify factors affecting it, and also to define the peculiarities of providing financial sustainability of the economy in conditions of Covid-19 pandemic. Methods. It has been used a number of scientific and special methods of the research such as: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstract, logic and generalization methods while studying the modern theoretical approaches to determine the nature of financial stability and financial stability of the economy, identifying the interdependencies between them, analyzing of scientists' views on the nature of financial instability, the causes of its occurrence and possible negative consequences for the economy. Results. Theoretical approaches to determining the essence of financial stability and financial stability of the economy have been considered and generalized. It has been established that they are interrelated and interdependent phenomena and the most important conditions for stable development of the national economy. The views of scientists and researchers on the nature of financial instability, the causes of its occurrence and possible negative consequences for the economy have been analyzed. It has been found that the vast majority of scientists associate instability with the inability of the financial system to withstand shocks and prevent their devastating impact on the real economy. It has been determined that there are many factors that can cause financial instability and the impact of each of them at some point in time can be significant. It has been emphasized on increasing risks of crisis emergence and deployment in both global and national economies in the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic and the importance of providing government support to businesses and industries to adapt to evolving circumstances. Conclusions. Further research suggests focusing on the development and effective use of measures aimed at improving the financial sustainability of the economy, which will minimize the negative impact of shocks and maintain a steadily increasing economic dynamic.

Introduction. David Ricardo is a very prominent figure in the history of economic thought. He is a recognized leader in classical political economy and a reputable financier in both Britain and Europe in the first half of the XIX century. He is rightly considered one of the creators of the labor theory of value, he has brought it to its logical conclusion. The scientist made a significant contribution to the development of a scientific method for studying economic phenomena.Purpose of the research is to generalize the economic views of a prominent scientist on economic phenomena and processes, the action of economic laws that ensure the balance of a market economy and the basic principles of economic liberalism; analyze the Ricardo’s views on the laws of social wealth distribution between three classes of society and the impact of the existing distribution of income on the growth of wealth.Methods. The methodological basis of the study are such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, which were used to assess the views, conclusions and recommendations of the scientist to ensure market equilibrium and increase the material wealth of society; historical – to understand the essence of the evolution of existing views on the labor theory of value, the theory of money and land rent; combining the abstract method with quantitative analysis to determine the quantitative characteristics of economic phenomena; positive and normative – to study the main and distinctive features in the views of representatives of classical political economy.Results. It has been researched the David Ricardo’s scientific work and it has been established that he was a prominent representative of classical political economy, a follower and at the same time an opponent of certain theoretical positions of Adam Smith. It was found that the most important ideas of economic theory have been reflected in his labor theory of value, the theory of capital and money, the theory of income distribution, tax theory and the theory of comparative advantage in international trade. It was established that the scientist had made a significant contribution to the development of the scientific method of research, in particular, by introducing the method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete and widespread use of the method of scientific deduction. According to the scientist, the subject of political economy should be the study of the laws of distribution of income between classes of society in the form of rents, profits and wages. D. Ricardo made a significant contribution to the justification of free trade policy in the international sphere, the importance and profitability of foreign trade for countries.Discussion. The prospect for further research is a deeper and more detailed analysis of the methods used by the scientist in the study of economic phenomena and processes. This will allow assessing the Ricardo’s contribution to the formation and development of economics more objective.