A high level of contamination of the seeds of sunflower plants with phytopathogenic micromycetes can lead to a significant decrease in the yield of this valuable crop, a decrease in the oiliness of the seeds, a deterioration of its sowing qualities, and an increase in the quantitative and qualitative losses of the crop during storage. As a result of the vital activity of microorganisms on plant seeds, both the sowing qualities of the seeds (germination energy, germination, viability and productivity) and food quality indicators are significantly reduced (the fatty acid composition changes, oiliness decreases and the acid number of the oil increases). Therefore, the goal of our work was to determine the number and spectrum of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the mycobiome of sunflower seeds in the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. According to the research results, it was found that the biological properties of Dushko and Oliver hybrids, in the conditions of traditional and organic cultivation technologies, can both suppress and stimulate the number of micromycetes in the seed mycobiome. The formation of the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the mycobiome of the seeds of Dushko and Oliver hybrids under the organic technology of growing sunflower plants was at the level of traditional technology and ranged from 5.0 to 5.5 thousand CFU/g in the fruit shell, and from 2.1 to 2.6 thousand CFU/g of dry seeds. The seed microbiome of the investigated sunflower hybrids is represented by micromycetes with phytopathogenic properties (A. alternata and F. oxysporum) and species capable of causing seed mold (Penicillium, Aspergillus), the frequency of which varies from 5 to 65%. Phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the seeds of sunflower plants are a powerful factor in the biological pollution of agroecosystems and are capable of significantly reducing seed quality and nutritional quality indicators of seed production of sunflower plants.

Soil microbiota is one of the most important factors that determine the formation processes as well as the biological properties of the soil. The use of microbiological preparations in modern technologies not only increases the resistance of plants, productivity, and quality of products, but also contributes to the formation of the microbial complex inherent in each plant. The aim of our study is to determine the number of microorganisms of individual ecological and trophic groups of the rhizosphere soil for spring barley plants depending on the elements of the cultivation technology (application of the preparations). The number of the main ecological and trophic groups of the soil during the ontogenesis of spring barley of Sebastian and Helios varieties changes depending on the elements of cultivation technology (application of the preparations), the phase of ontogenesis, as well as soiland-climate conditions. During the ontogenesis of spring barley plants, the increase in the number of pedotrophic micromycetes was observed. The most of pedotrophic micromycetes was found in the soil were plants of Sebastian and Helios varieties were planted, with the use of Vimpel 2 and the mixture of Vimpel 2 + Oracle multicomplex. This confirms that the soil contains a sufficient amount of organic matter. Also, throughout the vegetation season, the pathogenic mycobiota was characterized by a high number in agrocenoses of spring barley. The variants in which Vympel 2 and mixtures of Vympel 2 + Oracle multicomplex had been used, the number of pathogenic micromycetes in the soil were the spring barley plants were planted decreased significantly. That shows the fact that the preparation Vimpel 2, both individually and in a mixture, is able to protect plants from diseases by improving their immunity. The number of oligotrophic microorganisms was the highest in the control variant, and it was the lowest with the use of all the studied preparation, respectively. The number of humate-forming micromycetes also decreased by 1-1,5 times compared to the one in the control variant. The application of Vimpel 2 and Oracle brought to the situation in which multicomplex significantly intensified the development of ammonification microorganisms. Amylolytic microorganisms and cellulose-destroying micromycetes also increased. These microorganisms degraded cellulose-containing substrates in the presence of enzymes. They don't require a large amount of the nutrients, but thereby provide an opportunity for the development of other micromycetes that absorb hydrolysis products. Therefore, rhizospheric soil under sowing of spring barley plants is able to form a microbial complex that significantly depends on the elements of growing technologies. The confirmed coefficients of mineralization-immobilization nitrogen, pedotrophicity, and oligotrophicity, determined the regularities of the processes of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization as well as the availability of easily digestible organic substances in the soil depending on the elements of culti...

The main component of the technology of growing agricultural crops is the use of high-quality seed material, as well as the use of biological poisons and plant growth regulators, which ensures their proper growth and development, reduces the negative impact of diseases, increases the yield of the cultivated crop and the quality of the obtained products. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the influence of biological preparations Vimpel 2, Oracle multicomplex and their mixture Vimpel 2 + Oracle multicomplex on the sowing qualities the seeds of spring barley plants of varieties the Helios and Sebastian. The sowing quality of seeds spring barley was determined according to the methods prescribed by the state standard of Ukraine in the laboratory of biocontrol of agroecosystems and organic production of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAN. It was found that seeds spring barley of varieties the Helios and Sebastian contaminated with micromycetes from 10 to 50% under the influence of the studied preparation, their laboratory germination and germination energy were high and ranged from 70% to 98%. At the same time, on the control version, the infection of seeds with micromycetes reached 100%, its laboratory germination and germination energy were significantly lower and amounted to 55% and 60%, respectively. According to the results of the morphometric indicators, it was shown that the sprout plants of spring barley developed more intensively under the influence of the studied preparations: their length was almost 1.5 times greater compared to the control variant. It was established that the pathogenic mycobiota of the seeds spring barley differed significantly under the influence of the biological preparations and biological features of plant varieties. The use of biological preparation the Vimpel 2 and the preparations mixture of Vimpel 2 + Oracle multicomplex significantly increases the resistance of plants spring barley to diseases and stressful situations, which, in turn, will contribute to an increase in the yield of the studied crop and the quality of its seed products. The analyzed indicators of the sowing quality of spring barley seeds make it possible to ensure sowing with high-quality seed material in order to avoid biological contamination of agrocenoses.

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Біологічні препарати здатні регулювати процеси життєдіяльності рослин і ґрунтової мікрофлори, мобілізувати потенційні можливості, закладені у геномі природою і селекцією. Тому метою нашого дослідження було дослідити вплив біологічних препаратів Оракул мультикомплекс, Вимпел 2 та суміші Оракул мультикомплекс + Вимпел 2 на чисельність мікроміцетів ризосферного ґрунту різних сортів ячменю ярого Себастьян і Геліос. Чисельність мікроміцетів ризосферного ґрунту ячменю ярого була найнижчою під час дії суміші препаратів Оракул мультикомплекс + Вимпел 2, що становила від 5,0 до 7,0 млн КУО г/ґрунту. Також істотно знижувалася чисельність мікроміцетів ризосферного ґрунту рослин ячменю ярого під час дії препаратів Оракул мультикомплекс, яка становила в середньому 5,5 млн КУО/г ґрунту та Вимпел 2, де їх кількість під посівом обох сортів сягала 6,0–8,0 млн КУО/г ґрунту. Водночас на контрольному варіанті чисельність мікроміцетів була в 1,5–2 рази вищою. У фазі кущення та цвітіння на контрольному варіанті паразитувало 9 родів мікроміцетів: Fusarium spp., Chaetomium spp., Cladosporim spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., Acremonium spp., Bipolaris spp. та Penicillium spp., де їх частота трапляння була до 20 % на сорті Себастьян та до 15 % на сорті Геліос. У фазі дозрівання чисельність мікроміцетів ризосферного ґрунту зростає та частота трапляння цих видів істотно підвищується до 70 %. Під час дії препаратів Оракул мультикомплекс, Вимпел 2 та їхньої суміші спостерігали меншу кількість видів мікроміцетів ризосферного ґрунту з істотно нижчою частотою трапляння, що сягала 4–35 %. Сорт ячменю ярого Геліос під час дії біологічних препаратів здатний більшою мірою впливати на чисельність мікроміцетів у ризосферному ґрунті порівняно із сортом Себастьян. Це залежить від властивостей рослин сорту, які характеризуються певним набором фізіолого-біохімічних ознак, що впливали на чисельність та кількісний склад мікроміцетів ґрунту. Використання цих препаратів у посівах сприятиме зниженню накопичення інфекційних структур в агроценозах та надасть можливість отримати екологічно чисту високоякісну органічну продукцію.