The paper deals with two countries – Pakistan and Ukraine – that are located at the center of the following two interest triangles: India-Pakistan-Afghanistan (South Asia) and Russia-Ukraine-Moldova (post-Soviet regional security complex). Despite their considerable differences, they have similar problems with their geopolitical neighbours in the context of territorial conflicts. Existing issues with neighbouring countries give Pakistan and Ukraine the status of a ‘middle state’, which is characterized by threatening its territorial integrity and becoming an object of ‘penetrating’ into its RSC (regional security complex) for the states from neighbouring regions.
In the article, the authors analyzed successes and failings of the Ukrainian economic diplomacy in Latin America region. Such results were achieved by analyzing the degree of scientific investigation the possibilities, features and basic characteristics of economic diplomacy by contemporary Ukrainian and foreign researchers, as well as by analyzing the websites of Ukrainian embassies in Latin American countries and using the information of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and mass media. Researchers drew attention to the peculiarities of economic relations between Ukraine and Latin America countries. It has been found that bilateral relations between Ukraine and Latin American countries are generally poorly developed, the embassies of Ukraine exist only in five countries: Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Chile, and these embassies in turn represent Ukraine’s national interests in 15 other Latin American countries. Ukraine has the most well-established economic relations with the first five above-mentioned countries as a result of economic diplomacy. It was concluded that Ukrainian economic diplomacy has some achievements (the developing of volume of export-import operations between Ukraine and all regional countries, except Cuba, and the opening of the honorary consulate in Chile) and failings (the lack of diplomatic missions in all LA countries, problems with updating information on planned activities in the economic sphere (2015, 2016) on the embassies’ web-site, negative trade balance for Ukraine).
У статті проаналізовано особливості глобального та міжрегіонального рівнів протидії міжнародному наркотрафіку у державах «золотого трикутника» - М’янмі, Лаосі та Таїланді. Автори виявили наступні форми співробітництва: 1) взаємодія під впливом провідних держав із сусідніх регіональних підсистем – Китаю та Індії, а також із США (Бюро з питань міжнародної боротьби з наркотиками та правоохоронної діяльності); 2) діяльність регіональних організацій Південної та Південно-Східної Азії – СААРК, БІМСТЕК та АСЕАН, що реалізують трансрегіональну взаємодію за рахунок спільних нормативно-правих документів; 3) глобальний рівень співробітництва – діяльність Управління ООН з наркотиків і злочинності. Автори дійшли висновку, що наявні механізми багатостороннього співробітництва є позитивним кроком до протидії наркотрафіку у державах «золотого трикутника», проте, низка дестабілізуючих факторів у М’янмі, Лаосі та Таїланді не дозволяють стверджувати про достатній рівень їх ефективності.
У статті здійснено аналіз динаміки конфліктогенності афгансько-пак истанських відносин за президентства А. Гані, яка залежить від наступних чинників: 1) традиційні загрози – прикордонне питання та проблема Пуштуністану; 2) «нетрадиційні» загрози – питання біженців, наркотрафіку та фінансування тероризму; 3) постафганське врегулювання як у форматі Афганістан-«Талібан»-Пакистан, так і під впливом зовнішніх сил – США, Китаю та Індії. Автори дійшли висновку щодо залежності пакистансько-афганської взаємодії від рівня довіри між державами, ефективності подолання загроз безпеці та впливу інших держав.
The article attempts to analyze the development of forms and manifestations of multilateral intergovernmental cooperation on gender issues in the Middle East at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The Middle East region, in religious and civilizational dimensions, is quite specific in terms of the comprehensive implementation of the ideas of feminism and overcoming gender gaps. However, as a result of the study, the effectiveness of the region’s involvement in both global initiatives on gender issues and the formation of its own mechanisms and tools for the protection of women was revealed, which is implemented in the following practical acts. Firstly, the involvement of the Middle East region as an object of activity of the United Nations Structure for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (“UN-Women”) aimed at protecting women in conflicts and granting equal rights to women alongside men. Secondly, the formation of a regulatory framework and programs on gender issues in the activities of the regional organization the League of Arab States (LAD). It was found that the existing mechanism of intergovernmental cooperation in the LAD regarding the implementation of gender equality and the role of women in Arab society is not sufficiently effective, given the advisory nature of the organization’s decisions, and it is not sufficiently implemented in practice by all Middle Eastern states. It should be stressed on the positive and fruitful activity of the Arab Women Organization, which has a number of programs for the protection of Arab women and their rights. Thirdly, the dialogue between the Middle East and North Africa in the format of the MENA region is quite developed – the holding of African-Arab summits between the African Union and the League of Arab States, launched in 1977, which are aimed at jointly solving gender issues. The authors concluded that the Middle East region still has to overcome a number of barriers and domestic policy changes to protect women’s rights, but the initiation and development of dialogue on a multilateral basis is a positive step in achieving global trends in ensuring gender equality and feminism in general.
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