The purpose of the current study was to explore social interaction preferences for learning in Physical Education (PE) among Spanish secondary students. The sample consists of 6,654 students (3,500 girls and 3,154 boys, aged 12–17 years) from public and private urban and rural schools in two communities in Spain. All participants completed the Graupera/Ruiz Scale of Social Interaction Preferences in PE Learning (GR–SIPPEL) which explores four learning preference dimensions: cooperation, competition, affiliation, and individualism. Results indicated that the ordinal profile of students’ preferences in PE classes was: cooperative (very high preference), competitive and affiliate (high-moderate preference), and individualistic (moderate-low preference). Gender differences emerged: girls were less competitive and individualistic than boys, and slightly more cooperative and affiliate. Weak grade level differences were also observed.

BackgroundMethotrexate is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used in therapy of a wide variety of cancers. The efficiency of treatment with this drug is compromised by the appearance of resistance. Combination treatments of MTX with other drugs that could modulate the expression of genes involved in MTX resistance would be an adequate strategy to prevent the development of this resistance.MethodsThe differential expression pattern between sensitive and MTX-resistant cells was determined by whole human genome microarrays and analyzed with the GeneSpring GX software package. A global comparison of all the studied cell lines was performed in order to find out differentially expressed genes in the majority of the MTX-resistant cells. S100A4 mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-Real-Time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Functional validations of S100A4 were performed either by transfection of an expression vector for S100A4 or a siRNA against S100A4. Transfection of an expression vector encoding for β-catenin was used to inquire for the possible transcriptional regulation of S100A4 through the Wnt pathway.ResultsS100A4 is overexpressed in five out of the seven MTX-resistant cell lines studied. Ectopic overexpression of this gene in HT29 sensitive cells augmented both the intracellular and extracellular S100A4 protein levels and caused desensitization toward MTX. siRNA against S100A4 decreased the levels of this protein and caused a chemosensitization in combined treatments with MTX. β-catenin overexpression experiments support a possible involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in S100A4 transcriptional regulation in HT29 cells.ConclusionsS100A4 is overexpressed in many MTX-resistant cells. S100A4 overexpression decreases the sensitivity of HT29 colon cancer human cells to MTX, whereas its knockdown causes chemosensitization toward MTX. Both approaches highlight a role for S100A4 in MTX resistance.

Two desolvation systems commonly used in ICP-AES have been evaluated when coupled to a thermospray nebulizer. The desolvation systems are: (i) a thermostated spray chamber (TSC) and, (ii) a two-unit desolvation system (TUDS) in which the first unit is a heated single-pass spray chamber and the second one is a Liebig condenser. Both systems were evaluated with aqueous and organic solutions. The temperature of the chamber in the TSC (25 to 20 °C) and the temperatures of the heated spray chamber (60 to 140 °C) and the condenser (25 to 20 °C) in the TUDS were taken as variables. To evaluate the effect of these variables on the performance of the desolvation systems, drop size distribution of the tertiary aerosol, solvent and analyte transport rates and emission signal have been measured. Under optimal desolvation conditions, the values of the solvent transport efficiencies were similar for both systems, ranging from 2.3 to 9.5%. Analyte transport efficiency values ranged from 36 to 77% and from 5 to 8% for TUDS and TSC, respectively. TUDS gives rise to higher signals (6 to 7 fold higher) and lower LOD (2 to 11 times lower) than TSC. As regards the solvent nature, the highest emission intensity and lower LOD are obtained with ethanol, followed by water and butan-1-ol. The LOD values obtained with the combination thermospray-TUDS are 2 to 26 times lower than those obtained with a conventional pneumatic nebulizer coupled to the same desolvation system.

La literatura científica ha tratado de demostrar cómo la intención predice las conductas emprendedoras, interesándose por estudiar los factores que las fomentan. El presente trabajo trata de identificar y analizar la relación entre el interés emprendedor de jóvenes españoles y la familia como variable moderadora. Metodológicamente recurrimos a la técnica Principal Component Analysis, método estadístico multivalente. Se ha elaborado un cuestionario validado y desarrollado ad hoc. La población objeto de este estudio estuvo conformada por estudiantes de educación secundaria matriculados en centros docentes de España, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 18 años. El tamaño muestral ascendió a 1.764 estudiantes, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un margen de error del 2.3%. Entre los resultados, destacamos que los jóvenes españoles con alto interés emprendedor representan un bajo porcentaje, son mayoritariamente varones y cuentan con tradición familiar de padres emprendedores. El trabajo plantea también la necesidad de detectar precozmente en los jóvenes los intereses emprendedores, reforzándolos como potenciales iniciativas a largo plazo.

Resumen: Los entornos colaborativos han sido promocionados como la mejor solución a los problemas que la actividad docente puede presentar independientemente de las preferencias personales de los profesores. El objetivo del estudio es desarrollar una escala de preferencias de interacción social en el entorno laboral para los profesores de educación física, partiendo de la Escala GR de Ruiz et al. (2010), así como evaluar su equivalencia de medida en profesores con diferentes años de experiencia docente y entre hombres y mujeres, utilizando el análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo. En este estudio participaron 1413 profesores españoles. La escala final quedó constituida por las 4 cuatro dimensiones originarias: Cooperación, Competición, Individualismo y Afiliación que explicaron un 66.43% de la varianza y presentaron valores elevados de consistencia interna. Por otro lado, los resultados indican una equivalencia factorial estricta. Los profesores con más años de experiencia prefieren escenarios de trabajo más individualistas y cooperativos que aquellos con menor experiencia y los hombres tienen preferencias más individualistas y competitivas, mientras que las mujeres tienen mayor orientación cooperativa. Palabras clave: Interacción social; Medición de la invarianza; Análisis factorial confirmatorio; Educación física; Profesorado. Title:The physical education teachers' participative preferences in their professional activity. Abstract: Nowadays the collaborative learning environments have been promoted by the physical education teachers as the best way for decreasing teaching problems independently of teachers' personal achievements. The aim of the present study was to develop a scale for physical education teachers about social interactions preferences in the workplace environment. Based on the scale GR developed by Ruiz et al. (2010), the multisample confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the equivalence measure between years of experience and gender. The participants were 1413 Spanish physical education teachers. The final scale was composed of the 4 initial dimensions: cooperation, competition, individualization, and affiliation. The four dimensions accounted for 66.43% of the total variance, and showed high values of internal consistency. Also, the results pointed out a strict factorial invariance. Finally, the results showed that the more experienced teachers prefer individualized and competitive workplace environments than the less experienced ones, and on the other hand, men's teachers were more individualistic and competitive compared with women's teachers whom prefer cooperative orientations in the workplace environment.