With the technological advancements, practical challenges of establishing long-distance communication should be addressed using hop-oriented routing networks. However, long-distance data transmissions usually deteriorate the quality of service (QoS) especially in terms of considerable communication delay. Therefore, in the presented work, a reward-based routing mechanism is proposed that aims at minimizing the overall delay which is evaluated under various scenarios. The routing process involved a refined CH selection mechanism based on a mathematical model until a threshold simulation is not attained. The illustrations for the coverage calculations of CH in the route discovery are also provided for possible routes between the source and the destination to deliver quality service. Based on this information, the data gathered from the past simulations is passed to the learning mechanism using the Q-learning model. The work is evaluated in terms of throughput, PDR, and first dead node in order to achieve minimal transmission delay. Furthermore, area variation is also involved to investigate the effect of an increase in the deployment area and number of nodes on a Q-learning-based mechanism aimed to minimize the delay. The comparative analysis against four existing studies justifies the success of the proposed mechanism in terms of throughput, first dead node, and delay analysis.

Cancer is a significant cause of death worldwide. Early cancer detection is greatly aided by machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to gene microarray data sets (microarray data). Despite this, there is a significant discrepancy between the number of gene features in the microarray data set and the number of samples. Because of this, it is crucial to identify markers for gene array data. Existing feature selection algorithms, however, generally use long-standing, are limited to single-condition feature selection and rarely take feature extraction into account. This work proposes a Multi-stage algorithm for Biomedical Deep Feature Selection (MBDFS) to address this issue. In the first, three feature selection techniques are combined for thorough feature selection, and feature subsets are obtained; in the second, an unsupervised neural network is used to create the best representation of the feature subset to enhance final classification accuracy. Using a variety of metrics, including a comparison of classification results before and after feature selection and the performance of alternative feature selection methods, we evaluate MBDFS's efficacy. The experiments demonstrate that although MBDFS uses fewer features, classification accuracy is either unchanged or enhanced.

A pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy offers patients with rectal cancer that has advanced locally the highest chance of survival. However, there isn't yet a valid prediction model available. An efficient feature extraction technique is also required to increase a prediction model's precision. CDAS (cancer data access system) program is a great place to look for cancer along with images or biospecimens. In this study, we look at data from the CDAS system, specifically Bowel cancer (colorectal cancer) datasets. This study suggested a survival prediction method for rectal cancer. In addition, determines which deep learning algorithm works best by comparing their performance in terms of prediction accuracy. The initial job that leads to correct findings is corpus cleansing. Moving forward, the data pre-processing activity will be performed, which will comprise "exploratory data analysis and pruning and normalization or experimental study of data, which is required to obtain data features to design the model for cancer detection at an early stage." Aside from that, the data corpus is separated into two sub-corpora: training data and test data, which will be utilized to assess the correctness of the constructed model. This study will compare our auto-encoder accuracy to that of other deep learning algorithms, such as ANN, CNN, and RBM, before implementing the suggested methodology and displaying the model's accuracy graphically after the suggested new methodology or algorithm for patients with rectal cancer. Various criteria, including true positive rate, ROC curve, and accuracy scores, are used in the experiments to determine the model's high accuracy. In the end, we determine the accuracy score for each model. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrated that rectal cancer patients may be estimated using prediction models. It is shown that variational deep encoders have excellent accuracy of 94% in this cancer prediction and 95% for ROC curve regions. The findings demonstrate that automated prediction algorithms are capable of properly estimating rectal cancer patients’ chances of survival. The best results, with 95% accuracy, were generated by deep autoencoders.

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