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This paper concentrates on organising, planning and managing the train movement in a network. The three classic management levels for rail planning, i.e., strategic, tactical and operational, are introduced followed by decision support systems for rail traffic control. In addition, included in this paper are discussions on train operating forms, railway traffic control and train dispatching problems, rail yard technical schemes and performance of terminals, as well as timetable design. A description of analytical methods, simulation techniques and specific computer packages for analysing and evaluating the behaviour of rail systems and networks is also provided. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Some recent published works on freeway traffic have focused on congested traffic conditions in which oscillations form and propagate upstream through vehicle queues. Some features of oscillating waves were examined through empirical evidence. The data measured on multiple days along an approximately 3.5-km three-lane freeway in Istanbul, Turkey, present pronounced features of oscillations, such as their formation, propagation, and growth. It was identified that oscillations form immediately upstream of a bottleneck, they propagate at certain speeds against the direction of traffic flow, and their amplitude grows while propagating. In reports published earlier, it was stated that oscillating waves propagate backward at nearly constant speed with no dependence on flow. It has been observed in this study that propagation speeds cluster into two groups with averages of 21.29 and 15.52 km/h at the downstream and upstream study segments, respectively. It was shown that any difference in propagation speeds may be attributable to the features of the segment studied and, in turn, to the slope of the congested part of the associated fundamental diagram. A theory on reduction of oscillation amplitude at merge sites proposed in the literature was tested, and predictions of the theory were validated with some acceptable error.