Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a standard procedure for the detection of thyroid nodules malignancy, yet 10-25% of the sample diagnosed may go undetermined or suspicious. The utility of cancer stem cell markers (CSCM) as a differential diagnosis molecular marker in nodules of suspicious decision in FNAB was hypothesized. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and thyroid fibroadenoma (TFA) samples were selected to test the hypothesis. The samples employed in this study were from patients who had thyroid hyperplasia and a suspicious or undetermined diagnosis by FNAB. The patient underwent a successful thyroidectomy at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad between January 2015 and December 2017. All nodule samples underwent a systematic histopathological examination after resection. Tumors diagnosed as PTC and those diagnosed as fibroadenoma (TFA) were selected for this study. Collectively 39 PTC and 11 TFA nodules were included. Quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine levels of mRNA and proteins of CSCM ALDH1A1, CD44, ABCG2, and Oct3/4 in both types of tumors were used. This study revealed that the expression levels of CSCM were significantly increased in PTC tissues when compared to benign tissues and the positive correlation was found between the CSCM expression levels and tumor stage, size, and gender. In conclusion, for a more precise diagnosis, we suggest these markers be included in what is currently available to characterize malignancy from what is not in thyroid cancer, as well as for the staging process of PTC.

No abstract

Breast cancer is considered the commonest type of malignancies diagnosed in females and the 2 nd leadingcauseof mortality in the world. The transcriptional factor gata binding protein 3 is an important nuclear markerplays asignificant role in normal development of many human tissues involved mammary epithelial cells. In mammary glands, mutations in gene of this transcription factor leads to insufficient of its function which is finally affected in tumor suppression and leads to breast tumorgenesis. Our objective in this study revolved around the correlation of immunohistochemical expression of transcription factor with traditional immunohistochemical receptor biomarkers (hormonal receptors) and ErBb2in Iraqi women with pathological lesions of the breast. This study involved 75 casesof invasive breast lesions. Age of patients ranged from 23-75 years at the diagnosed time. These cases were graded according to Nottingham grading system. Statistical significant association reported between transcription factorexpression with nuclear hormonal receptors (p= 0.0001), while inverse association with ErBb2 (p= 0.0001). This transcription factorhas a positive association with hormonal receptors and an inverse correlation with ErBb2, lymph nodes and histology grade. Its means that this factor was associated with good prognosis elements of breast cancer.