We assessed the effect of a four weeks exercise training intervention on bone turnover markers in premature infants. Twenty-four very low birth weight premature infants were matched for gestational age, birth weight, gender, as well as for corrected age and weight at initiation of the study. Then the subjects were randomly divided into an exercise (n = 12) and a control group (n = 12). Exercise consisted of passive range of motion exercise with gentle compression of both the upper and lower extremities lasting 5 - 10 minutes each day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. This protocol has been shown to increase bone mineral density in premature infants. Bone formation was assessed by measurements of circulating bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) and the C-terminal procollagen peptide (PICP). Bone resorption was determined by serum measurements of C- terminal cross-links telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP). Training led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in weight gain (767 +/- 49 versus 586 +/- 24 gr in trained and control premature infants, respectively); and to a significant increase in BSAP (37.2 +/- 14.6 versus 4.1 +/- 8.4 % in trained and control premature infants, respectively). PICP increased also following exercise (34.6 +/- 18.9 versus 5.4 +/- 9.1 % in trained and control subjects, respectively), however, this increase was not statistically significant. Exercise led to a significant decrease in ICTP (-24.7 +/- 3.1 versus -5.5 +/- 5.4 % in trained and control subjects, respectively). A relatively brief exercise intervention was associated with a biochemical evidence of bone formation in very low birth weight premature infants.

Methods:The medical history and perioperative course of all infants who underwent SA over a 28-month period were collected (retrospectively in the first 20).Results: Sixty-two infants underwent surgery under SA. Fifty-five were premature and former-premature, postconceptional age 43.3 ± 5.0 weeks, weight 3261 ± 1243 g. Of these, 21 had co-existing disease: cerebral (six), cardiac (nine), pulmonary (11) and urological (six). Hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine 1 mg·kg -1 with adrenaline was administered. Four infants (three premature) required N 2 O supplementation and three needed general anesthesia. The supplementation rate was similar or lower than in previous studies. Postoperatively, all seven were shown to have lower limb motor and sensory blockade. Complications in premature patients included intraoperative hypoxemia (two), apnea (two) and bradycardia (one). Postoperative complications included bradycardia (three), hypoxemia (one) and apnea and hypoxemia (one). The postoperative complication rate was similar to previous studies.Conclusion: Successful SA in infants depends on close attention to preoperative assessment, appropriate patient positioning during and after lumbar puncture, drug dosing and intra-and postoperative cardiorespiratory monitoring. A relatively high dose of hyperbaric solution of tetracaine or bupivacaine with adrenaline should be administered.

Perinatal hemochromatosis is a rare disorder with an enormous iron overload in the parenchymal organs, especially the liver, pancreas, heart and endocrine glands. Elements of the reticuloendothelial system are relatively spared. The clinical course is rapidly progressive and the disease is invariably fatal. Several siblings are described in the literature. Herein, we describe one pair of full siblings affected by the disease, wherein the clinical presentation was hydrops. We suggest that hemochromatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis.

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