No abstract

Adiposity rebound (AR), which is defined as a situation in which the body mass index (BMI) starts to increase after infancy, is a predictive marker of future development of type 2 diabetes. The patient was a 20-year-old male. He was born at 28 gestational weeks with a birthweight of 642 g (−3.20 standard deviation, small-for-gestational age [SGA]). AR during early childhood or obesity in later childhood was not observed. At the onset of type 2 diabetes (20 years of age), his BMI, body fat percentage, and body fat mass were within normal ranges (20.4, 18.4% and 10.8 kg, respectively). However, his muscle mass was 44.7 kg, with low muscle mass of the trunk and upper limbs, which was lower than the standard reference, indicating that myogenic insulin resistance was involved in the development of non-obese type 2 diabetes. This case report describes a patient with no presentation of AR and obesity during childhood, who was born extremely preterm SGA, developed non-obese type 2 diabetes with low muscle mass. We suggest that patients born extremely preterm SGA should be carefully observed for the development of type 2 diabetes, even if they did not have AR in early childhood or had not become obese.

This study aimed to devise a novel physique index and investigate its accuracy in identifying newborns with skeletal dysplasia in comparison with head circumference (HC)/height (HT) ratio. The birth weight (W), HT, and HC at birth of 1500 newborns were retrospectively collected. The linear regression equations and coefficients of determination (R2) were determined. The formulated equation was corrected by the mean weight for gestational age at birth (Wcorr) as a novel physique index for screening skeletal dysplasia. The index accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in 11 newborns by fetal ultrasound and compared with that of the HC/HT ratio. The R2 values between W and HT, (HT)2, and (HT) 3 were 0.978, 0.990, and 0.993, respectively. Those between W and HC, (HC)2, and (HC)3 were 0.974, 0.984, and 0.988, respectively. W/Wcorr × (HC/HT)3 was used as a novel physique index. Seven newborns had skeletal dysplasia. Our novel physique index had a higher area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity than the HC/HT ratio (AUC: 1.00 vs. 0.86, sensitivity: 1.00 vs. 0.86, and specificity: 1.00 vs. 0.75, respectively). Our novel physique index was more accurate than HC/HT ratio and has the potential to accurately identify newborns with skeletal dysplasia.

Recently, prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) from childhood has been widely noticed. In this study, the influence of changing the fatty acid composition of the diet on serum lipids and others was studied. Two diets were prepared, linoleic acid rich diet (P/S = 2) and normal diet (P/S = 1) which were the same in the total calory and the percentage distribution of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. These diets were given to 43 children (the linoleic acid rich diet to 28 cases and the normal diet to 15 cases) for 12 weeks continuously. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, serum fatty acid composition, and blood pressure were measured. Based on these data, (LDL + VLDL)-cholesterol and Atherogenic Index were calculated.In the linoleic acid rich diet group, the following results were obtained. 1) Serum total cholesterol and (LDL + VLDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly decreased as compared with the pre-administration levels. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly increased as compared with the levels before the study. Serum fatty acid composition showed a dramatic change, that is, an increase of serum linoleic acid and a decrease of serum oleic acid. Atherogenic Index was significantly decreased as compared with the preadministration levels. Blood pressures were unchanged. the control group, no significant changes were observed.These results suggest that a high ratio of poly unsaturated fatty acid (including linoleic acid) in diet is beneficial for decreasing the coronary risk factors in childhood.