The study examined the dynamic nexus between financial deepening, natural resource rent, nonrenewable-energy and renewable-energy consumption and CO2 emission by using a dataset of six GCC countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain) from 1993 to 2019. For estimation, study applying second-generation panel unit root, cointegration and long-run estimation tests for robust and efficient results. The study confirms the presence of cross-sectional dependency while economic expansion and nonrenewable-energy contribute to CO2 emissions, financial deepening and renewable-energy consumption have a significant impact on reducing environmental degradation. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test reveals a statistically significant bidirectional correlation between financial deepening, consumption of nonrenewable-energy and renewable-energy and CO2 emission. In light of these findings, a number of policy recommendations are provided to help the GCC countries overcome on CO2 emissions while promoting economic growth.

ArticleFusiones y adquisiciones en Latinoamérica, gobierno corporativo y modelo gravitacional ଝ información del artículo Historia del artículo: Recibido el 8 de agosto de 2014 Aceptado el 9 de octubre de 2014Palabras clave: Fusiones y adquisiciones Gobierno corporativo Modelo gravitacional r e s u m e n En el presente estudio se analiza si la actividad de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A, por su sigla en inglés) transnacionales está influenciada por los estándares de gobierno corporativo de los países. Para lograrlo, se recurre al modelo gravitacional. Se toma la actividad proveniente de países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OECD, por su sigla en inglés) y dirigida hacia seis países latinoamericanos y, como medida de gobierno corporativo, se usan los indicadores de Kaufmann, entre otros. Se encontró que el modelo gravitacional es explicativo del fenómeno y que a mejores estándares de gobierno corporativo en el país de origen y en el país de destino, mayor es la actividad de M&A. a b s t r a c tIn this study, and by making use of a gravity model, an analysis is made on whether transnational mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are influenced by the corporate governance standards of a country. The study only focuses on the M&A flows from the OECD countries towards Latinamerican economies, as well as using the Kaufmann indicators for measuring, among others, the corporate governance of a country. Evidence is found that the gravity model is explicative of the M&A flows, and that the better the level of corporate governance at both origin and destination countries, the greater is the M&As activity.

This paper examines the impact of industrial productivity on transnationals M&As from OECD countries towards Latin American countries in the period 1996 to 2010. It also analyzes the relationship between external mechanism of corporate governance and 2 transnational M&As. For this purpose we use a gravitational model at the industry level. We find that industry productivity and higher standards of corporate governance in the country of origin promote transnational M&As activity. However, it is also found that higher levels of capital and technological productivity decreases transnational M&As activity.

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Heterogeneous anthropogenic and insufficient development strategies have caused an international compromise between sustainable growth and environmental deterioration. Environmental concerns have necessitated rules and human capital to protect the global ecosystem. Literature is ambiguous on the usefulness of environmental rules in reducing environmental deterioration. This study examines the impact of environmental regulations and education as a proxy for human capital in Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT) countries’ ecological footprints between 1990 and 2020. The econometric research shows that present environmental restrictions in MINT countries are unsuccessful at reducing their ecological footprints. Energy consumption and trade-openness also increase ecological footprints. The MINT countries panel also confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve idea. The country-specific findings show that energy use silently harmed the environment in MINT nations, whereas environmental legislation, economic growth, and trade-openness had diverse effects. These findings suggest that in order for MINT nations to achieve environmental sustainability, they should strengthen and enforce environmental regulations; adopt policies that promote sustainable economic growth; reduce their reliance on fossil-fuels; improve quality education and awareness; and actively engage in sustainable trading activities.