The objective of this experiment was to assess the use of different vitamin D metabolites in the feed of broiler chickens and the effects of the metabolites on performance, bone parameters and meat quality. A total of 952 one-day-old male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomised design, with four treatments, seven replicates and 34 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four different sources of vitamin D included in the diet, D3, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1α(OH)D3, providing 2000 and 1600 IU of vitamin D in the starter (1 to 21 d) and growth phases (22 to 42 d), respectively. Mean weight, feed:gain and weight gain throughout the rearing period were less in animals fed 1α(OH)D3 when compared with the other treatments (p<0.05). No significant differences were noted among the treatments (p>0.05) for various bone parameters. Meat colour differed among the treatments (p>0.05). All of the metabolites used in the diets, with the exception of 1α(OH)D3, can be used for broiler chickens without problems for performance and bone quality, however, some aspects of meat quality were affected.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da utilização de milheto como alimento energético, nas rações de poedeiras sobre o desempenho e qualidade de ovos, bem como realizar uma avaliação econômica a fim de verificar a viabilidade da utilização de milheto. Foram utilizadas 336 poedeiras comerciais, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos, sete repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma ração-testemunha à base de milho e farelo de soja e as demais com 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de substituição ao milho. A inclusão do milheto não influenciou o consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, conversão alimentar e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. Para o índice de coloração de gema, houve redução linear à medida que o nível de milheto foi crescente nas rações. Com relação à variável econômica, o nível de 20% de substituição por milheto mostrou menor viabilidade, quando comparado ao milho. Assim, o milheto pode substituir o milho em níveis superiores a 20% sem prejuízos para o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos, sendo economicamente viável. Porém, deve-se considerar a necessidade da inclusão de pigmentantes. Palavra-chave: desempenho produtivo, pigmentantes, qualidade do ovo. ABSTRACT. Pearl millet in the diet of laying hens. The present study examined the effects of the use of pearl millet, as energetic source, in the diets of laying hens on the performance and eggs quality, as well as to accomplish an economic evaluation in order to verify the viability of using the pearl millet. Three hundred thirty-six commercial laying hens were used, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with six treatments, seven replicates and eight birds for experimental unit. The treatments consisted in a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and the others with different levels of pearl millet (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). The pearl millet inclusion did not influence the feed intake, egg production (%), feed conversion and internal and external quality of eggs. Regarding the yolk pigmentation index, we observed a linear reduction as the pearl millet level was increasing in the diets. In relation to the economic variable, the level of 20% replacement by millet evidenced lower viability when compared to corn. Therefore, the pearl millet can substitute the corn at levels higher than 20%, without impairment the performance and egg quality, being economically feasible. However, we should consider the need the inclusion of pigments.
RESUMO:O cobre é um micromineral essencial para todos os organismos vivos. A sua importância biológica, funcional e estrutural está relacionada com as funções metabólicas de enzimas cupro-dependentes como a, citocromo-C-oxidase, lisil oxidase, superóxido dismutase, entre outras, as quais catalisam reações fisiológicas importantes relacionadas com a respiração, biosíntese de melanina, metabolismo da dopamina, homeostase do ferro e defesa antioxidante. Por estar envolvida no mecanismo de oxidação, a deficiência do cobre causa transtornos no metabolismo oxidativo, causando anemia, queda da resistência a infecções, distúrbios reprodutivos e transtornos nervosos. Por outro lado, o excesso de cobre pode causar necrose hepática e crise hemolítica. Por tais motivos, devem-se considerar as exigências deste mineral para cada animal, dependendo da etapa fisiológica e nível produtivo, uma vez que a carência ou excesso deste mineral pode gerar doenças, que representam perdas na produção e redução no bem-estar animal. O escopo desta revisão foi abordar os aspetos mais importantes do metabolismo do cobre, assim como as principais doenças associadas ao excesso ou carência deste mineral na dieta dos animais de produção. Palavras-chave: ceruloplasmina, ferro, micromineral, superóxido dismutaseCopper metabolism in animal nutrition: Review ABSTRACT: Copper is an essential trace element for all living organisms. Their biological, functional and structural importance is related to the metabolic functions of cupro-dependent enzymes such as, cytochrome C oxidase, lysyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase, among others, which catalyze important physiological reactions related to breathing biosynthesis melanin metabolism of dopamine, iron homeostasis and antioxidant defense. To be involved in the oxidation mechanism, deficiency of copper produces disorders in oxidative metabolism, causing anemia, reducing resistance to infection, reproductive disorders and nervous disorders. On the other hand, excess copper may cause hepatic necrosis and hemolytic crisis. For these reasons, we must consider the requirements of the mineral for each animal depending on the physiological stage and productive level, since this mineral deficiencies or excesses can cause diseases that represent production loss and the reduced welfare. The scope of this review was to address to the most important aspects of copper metabolism, as well as main diseases associated with excess or deficiency of this mineral in the diet of livestock.
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