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We suggest a concept of variations of bulbospongiosus muscle morphology that unifies the conflicting literature. Its ventral fiber group and the ischiocavernosus muscle form a functional and morphological unity. While the bulbospongiosus muscle and the external anal sphincter remain independent muscles, their frequent connection might have clinical implications for perineal surgery and anogenital disorders.

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) presents with a broad clinical spectrum ranging from an even asymptomatic course to sudden cardiac death. Because APE is potentially life-threatening every suspicion of APE has to be clarified promptly by validated diagnostic algorithms. On the basis of the patients haemodynamic instability high-risk APE and non-high-risk APE is differentiated. Based on the presence of shock or hypotension every patient with suspicion of APE should promptly be stratified as high-risk APE or non-high-risk APE. There is a considerable difference in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms between high-risk and non-high-risk APE. In suspicion of high-risk APE the patients require immediate diagnosis by multidetector CT or echocardiography and immediate recanalization of the occluded pulmonary arteries by thrombolysis or embolectomy. In haemodynamically stable patients sequential diagnostic workup and prompt therapeutic anticoagulation is recommended.

We report the case of a 44-year-old man with a medical history of arterial hypertension and nicotine abuse (10 pack years) presenting with persistent chest pain to our emergency department. Cardiac markers were elevated (hsTrop T 112 ng/L; CK 4.33 µkat/L; CK-MB 0.67 µkat/L) and eletrocardiogram impressed with biphasic T waves in lead V 1 to V 4 (Fig. 1). Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography showed normal biventricular function without regional wall motion disturbances. Left heart catheterisation revealed a single coronary artery from the left sinus valsalva with a right coronary artery (RCA) arising from the left main stem (LMS). Furthermore, a high grade stenosis of proximal left anterior descending (LAD) was displayed and percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of 2 drug eluting stents was successfully performed (Figs. 2, 3). To document the extent of myocardial infarction, and to exclude a malignant course of RCA between aorta and pulmonary artery, the patient was referred to 3T cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) with an 8-channel cardiac coil. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences presented small septal subendocardial contrast enhancement indicating myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (Fig. 4). Using a 3D whole heart Fat Sat FIESTA technique sequence, RCA arising from the LMS was confirmed. But because of the 3T MR-specific low spatial resolution, RCA course could not be traced accurately (Fig. 5). Therefore, a coronary 128-slice dual-source computed tomography (CT) was carried out showing RCA running between aorta, left and right atrium and not interarterially (Figs. 6-8). Further conservative course of the patient proceeded without complications. This case demonstrates an isolated single coronary artery as a rare congenital anomaly occurring with an incidence of 0.02%. Although often being asymptomatic, this anomaly can also appear with a sudden cardiac event, as in this patient, or with a malignant course. Therefore, the necessity for multimodal imaging to illustrate the true anatomic conditions should be underlined. Additionally, the still existing difficulties of 3T MR coronary angiography in daily practice and the resolution advantages of CT in imaging coronary arteries were highlighted.

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