Abstract:The article is devoted to a matrix method of comparative analysis of long nucleotide sequences by means of presenting each sequence in the form of three digital binary sequences. This method uses a set of symmetries of biochemical attributes of nucleotides. It also uses the possibility of presentation of every whole set of N-mers as one of the members of a Kronecker family of genetic matrices. With this method, a long nucleotide sequence can be visually represented as an individual fractal-like mosaic or another regular mosaic of binary type. In contrast to natural nucleotide sequences, artificial random sequences give non-regular patterns. Examples of binary mosaics of long nucleotide sequences are shown, including cases of human chromosomes and penicillins. The obtained results are then discussed.

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This paper presents and visualizes examples of large amounts of genetic information using a new class of cognitive computer graphics algorithms. These algorithms are related to the semiotics of perception and allow the interpretation of those properties of nucleotide sequences that are difficult to perceive by simple reading or by standard means of statistical analysis. This article summarizes previously presented algorithms for visualizing long nucleic acids based on the primary Hadamard–Walsh function system. The described methods allow us to produce one-dimensional mappings of nucleic acids by levels corresponding to their scale-integral physicochemical parameters and construct a spectral decomposition of the nucleotide composition. An example of the spectral decomposition of parametric representations of molecular genetic structures is given. In addition, a multiscale composition of genetic functional mappings visualizing the structural features of nucleic acids is discussed.