No abstract

A significant number of influential philosophical theorists of punishment argue that only those who enjoy the status of citizenship in a political community can legitimately be punished by that polity. Yet, the strength of this approach wanes when these scholars treat individuals who clearly do not respond to their idealised conception of citizenship (such as asylum seekers, disenfranchised offenders, and tourists) as if they were fully fledged citizens. This article argues that ‘citizen criminal law’ can only be theoretically feasible in today's world if it abandons the binary position between ‘full citizens’ and ‘noncitizens’ and recognises the everlasting presence of certain types of ‘semicitizens’. Thus, citizenship should be conceived as a scalar phenomenon. Based on a typological approach to the different forms of semicitizenship, we argue that the strength of the political bond between offenders and the political community must be considered when gauging punishment severity. The weaker the bond, the more lenient the punishment should be.

PoS(VERTEX2018)006The construction of the new accelerator at the Super Flavor Factory in Tsukuba, Japan, has been finalized and the commissioning of its detector (Belle II) has started. This new e + e − machine (SuperKEKB) will deliver an instantaneous luminosity of 8 × 10 35 cm −2 s −1 , which is 40 times higher than the world record set by KEKB. In order to be able to fully exploit the increased number of events and provide high precision measurements of the decay vertex of the B meson systems in such a harsh environment, the Belle II detector will include a new 6 layer silicon vertex detector. Close to the beam pipe, 2 pixel and 4 double-sided strip detector layers will be installed. During its first data taking period in 2018, the inner volume of the Belle II detector was only partially equipped with the final vertex detector technologies. The remaining volume was covered with dedicated radiation monitors, collectively called BEAST II, in order to investigate the particle and synchrotron radiation backgrounds near the interaction point. In this note, the milestones of the commissioning of the Belle II vertex detector and BEAST II are reviewed and the detector performance and selected background measurements will be presented.

Triaje y colisión de deberes jurídico-penal Una crítica al giro utilitarista Sumario-En los últimos meses son muchos los penalistas que, ante la saturación de los sistemas sanitarios como consecuencia de la pandemia provocada por el COVID-19, se han pronunciado en favor de una reforma-en clave utilitarista-del sistema clásico de resolución de las colisiones de deberes penalmente relevantes. Por un lado, se defiende ahora la conveniencia de jerarquizar los deberes en conflicto a partir de la expectativa de éxito y la esperanza de vida de cada paciente. Por el otro, se niega que el paciente que está siendo ya tratado con un respirador tenga un mejor derecho frente a quien todavía espera ser tratado. El objetivo central de este trabajo es contender este reciente giro utilitarista. En el seno de un ordenamiento penal liberal, atento a los derechos individuales de cada uno de los sujetos involucrados en el conflicto, ni cabe obligar al médico bajo amenaza de pena a salvar a quien tiene mejor perspectiva de éxito o una mayor esperanza de vida, ni cabe justificar el homicidio del médico que interrumpe un tratamiento indicado a fin de salvar a un nuevo paciente con un pronóstico más favorable.

Among the advocates of expressive theories of punishment, there is a strong consensus that monetary fines cannot convey the message of censure that is required to punish serious crimes or crimes against the person (e.g., rape). Money is considered an inappropriate symbol to express condemnation. In this article, I argue that this sentiment is correct, although not for the reasons suggested by advocates of expressivism. The monetary day-fine should not be understood as a simple deprivation of money, but as a punishment that reduces the offender’s capacity to consume for a certain period of time. Conceived in this manner, I argue that it is perfectly suitable to convey censure. However, the practical impossibility of ensuring that the person who pays the fine is the same person who has been convicted of the offense seriously undermines the acceptability of the monetary fine as an instrument of censure. Minimizing the risk of the fine’s hard treatment being transferred to third parties is a necessary condition for the monetary fine to be considered a viable alternative to lengthy prison sentences.