A significant number of influential philosophical theorists of punishment argue that only those who enjoy the status of citizenship in a political community can legitimately be punished by that polity. Yet, the strength of this approach wanes when these scholars treat individuals who clearly do not respond to their idealised conception of citizenship (such as asylum seekers, disenfranchised offenders, and tourists) as if they were fully fledged citizens. This article argues that ‘citizen criminal law’ can only be theoretically feasible in today's world if it abandons the binary position between ‘full citizens’ and ‘noncitizens’ and recognises the everlasting presence of certain types of ‘semicitizens’. Thus, citizenship should be conceived as a scalar phenomenon. Based on a typological approach to the different forms of semicitizenship, we argue that the strength of the political bond between offenders and the political community must be considered when gauging punishment severity. The weaker the bond, the more lenient the punishment should be.
La creciente permeabilidad de las fronteras estatales y la existencia de un mayor número de tratados internacionales está llevando a muchos legisladores nacionales a ampliar el ámbito de aplicación de la ley penal en el espacio, sometiendo cada vez más hechos ocurridos en el extranjero a la jurisdicción nacional. Frente a este fenómeno, la teoría dominante, que concibe al Derecho penal como un instrumento para la protección de bienes jurídicos, no ofrece un freno normativo adecuado. Las teorías del "Derecho penal del ciudadano", al legitimar la pena a partir del vínculo (político) previo entre el Estado y el castigado, parecen en principio una alternativa promisoria. Sin embargo, como habrá de mostrarse en este trabajo-tomando como referencia el Derecho alemán y chileno-, un análisis más profundo de algunos de los principales modelos basados en la ciudadanía que no tienen raigambre deliberativa (en concreto, los de SILVA SÁNCHEZ, DUFF y PAWLIK) revela que, a menos que dichos planteamientos se sometan a sustanciales ajustes, estos no ofrecen una opción mejor que la teoría de los bienes jurídicos a fin de contener el poder sancionador del Estado en el espacio.
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