Berry sucker insect pest, Dasynus piperis china (coreidae; Hemiptera) is one of the major insect pest on pepper. D. piperis to attack fruit of pepper with suck of fruit liquid and the final effect is empty to fruit and damaged. To find out of the level of damage and destruction caused by D. piperis have been done at 6 districts of Bangka Island namely Mendo Barat, Sungai Selan, Sungai Liat, Belinyu, Koba and Toboali since January to December 2002. For each district were observed 5 farmers field of estate crops. Every farmer field were observed tens plant of pepper in connection with fluctuation population and level of fruit damage. The observation have been done on the flower season of pepper, after flower season and after harvest. The result showed that fluctuation population and infested level of D. piperis at each observation almost the same, while among district were variated. The highest infestation was found in Sungai Selan, followed by Belinyu, and Mendo Barat namely 36.82;32.03 and 29.48 % respectively. The infestation level on Sungai Liat, Toboali and Koba were low namely 14;79.58 and 20.98 % respectively. The level of damage in Mendo Barat was highest than an other location namely 8.66; 8.07; 6.67; 5.71;4.89 and 3.09 % in Mendo Barat, Sungai Selan, Belinyu, Koba, Toboali and Sungai Liat respectively.

<p><em>Vascular streak dieback</em> (VSD) merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman kakao. Penyakit ini telah berkembang luas di sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia dan menyebabkan kerugian 30-45% dari produksi. Luas serangan VSD di Indonesia pada tahun 2007 adalah 70.000 ha dengan kehilangan hasil sebesar  Rp 405 643 680 000/tahun, dan kerugian terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Tujuan dari revieu ini adalah menginformasikan tentang penyakit VSD dan perkembangan teknologi pengendaliannya. Penyakit VSD adalah penyakit pembuluh kayu yang  menyerang tanaman kakao. Gejala serangan ditunjukkan oleh daun yang  mengalami klorosis, gugur dan meranting, hingga akhirnya tanaman tidak berproduksi. Penyakit VSD disebabkan oleh cendawan <em>Ceratobasidium theobromae, </em>yang bersifat obligat parasit, tersebar melalui spora udara (basidiospora), melalui bahan tanam atau bibit kakao yang telah terinfeksi. Keberhasilan spora untuk berkecambah dan melakukan penetrasi jaringan daun sangat tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan. Karakteristik <em>C theobromae </em>yang sulit diperbanyak pada medium buatan menjadikan penelitian VSD sangat tergantung dengan kondisi inokulum di lapang. Komponen pengendalian yang telah dikembangkan berupa varietas atau klon kakao tahan VSD, aplikasi fungisida, agens hayati dan kultur teknis.    Pengembangan kakao tahan VSD perlu disertai dengan pengembangan komponen teknologi pengendalian lainnya. Penanaman klon tahan VSD disertai dengan penerapan kultur teknis budidaya kakao yang tepat  disertai aplikasi komponen pengendalian yang sesuai dianggap sebagai strategi untuk menekan penyebaran VSD yang efisien, efektif dan ramah lingkungan. .</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p>Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is a main disease in cacao. It has been widely spread in cacao producing centers in Indonesia which has caused 30-40% production loss. Infested plant showed symptoms such as clorosis on its leaves which then fall off and die back. eventually stop producing.  VSD is caused by a obligate<em> </em>parasite<em> </em>fungus<em> </em><em>Ceratobasidium theobromae </em>,  , spread through basidiospora, plant materials, or infected seedlings. Since this fungus is difficult to be cultured in artificial media causes the research on VSD highly depends on the availability of inoculum at the field   The ability of spora to germinate and penetrate leaves tissue is determined by environment conditions.  Components of control which have been developed are varieties or cacao clones, fungicide application, biocontrol agents, and technical culture.  Developing VSD resistant cacao also necessitates the development of control technology components. Planting VSD resistant clones combines with sugested cultural practices are considered efficient and effective for controlling VSD as well as an environmental friendly control strategy.</p><p> </p>

ABSTRAKHama Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) merupakan hama penting tanaman kelapa . Pengendalian O. rhinoceros dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara yaitu secara fisik, mekanik, hayati, dan kimiawi. Cendawan Metarhizium anisopliae merupakan agens hayati yang dapat menekan perkembangan hama O. rhinoceros. Efektivitas cendawan M. anisopliae sangat ditentukan oleh kualitas/mutu konidia cendawan tersebut yang meliputi kerapatan, viabilitas dan patogenitasnya terhadap hama sasaran. Untuk itu telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui mutu dan keefektifan agens pengendali hayati M. anisopliae isolat Kalimantan Tengah terhadap O. rhinoceros. Pengujian dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro) dan di sekitar rumah kasa di Balittro, Bogor. Isolat cendawan M. anisopliae yang digunakan berasal dari Kalteng, sedangkan larva O. rhinoceros berasal dari Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Cendawan M. anisopliae isolat Kalteng memiliki kerapatan konidia di atas 10 8 , sedangkan viabilitasnya di atas 90%. Patogenisitas terhadap larva O. rhinoceros > 50%. Karakter ini menunjukkan mutu yang baik dari cendawan tersebut sebagai agens pengendali hayati. Cendawan M. anisopliae isolat Kalteng pada konsentrasi 10 6 dan 10 8 dapat mematikan 90% larva O. rhinoceros instar 3 pada kondisi lapangan. Sehingga kedua konsentrasi tersebut dapat digunakan dalam mengendalikan O. rhinoceros di lapangan..Kata Kunci: viabilitas, patogenitas, kerapatan konidia, M. anisopliae, kelapa ABSTRACT Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an importan pest on coconut trees. Control of O. rhinoceros can be done in various ways, such as by physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical. The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is a biological agent that can suppress the development of the O. rhinoceros . Effectiveness of M. anisopliae fungus is largely determined by the quality/grade conidia of the fungus consist of its density, viability and patogenicity against the target pest. For that, studies have been conducted to determine the quality and effectiveness biological control of M. anisopliae isolates Kalteng (Central Kalimantan) against O. rhinoceros. Tests conducted in the Entomology Laboratory of Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Crops (Balittro), and around the home screen in Balittro, Bogor. The fungus M. anisopliae isolates originating from Central Kalimantan (Kalteng), while the larvae of O. rhinoceros from Yogyakarta. The resultsshowed that the fungus conidia M. anisopliae isolates Kalteng has a density of over 10 8 , while the viability above 90%. Pathogenicity to larvae of O. Rhinoceros > 50%. This character indicates a good quality of these fungi as biological control agent. The fungus of M. anisopliae isolates Kalteng at concentrations of 10 6 and 10 8 can killed up to 90% third instar O. rhinoceros larvae in field conditions. So both these concentrations can be used in the control of O. rhinoceros in the field.

Control of main pests and diseases of cocoa using biopesticides has been carried out on a 10 ha farmer land in the village of Liliariawang, South Sulawesi. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of α-elaeostearic acid and Citronellal formulas of botanical pesticides, and Beauveria bassiana of biological pesticide on pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella), fruit suckers (Helopeltis spp.), and fruit rot (Phytophthora palmivora) of cocoa. The treatments were arranged in a randomized group. Sampling was carried out systematically as much as 120 healthy cocoa fruits <8 cm long from about 40 sample plants in each treatment to observe the extent of damage. The sample fruits are sprayed treatments every 2 weeks until harvest. Observations were made on the degree of damage to the fruits and their effects on non-target organisms such as natural enemies of pests. The results shows that both of botanical pesticides and biological pesticide can reduce the intensity attacks of the cocoa pests and diseases. Yield loss in all treatments were below 10%, lower and significantly different compared to control which reach 36,5%. In addition to reducing damage caused by pests, the quality and weight of the cocoa beans produced was better than the control.

<p>Nematisida nabati adalah salah satu jenis nematisida alami yang saat ini sedang banyak dipelajari peranan-nya dalam mengendalikan nematoda. Nematisida ini relatif aman bagi lingkungan dan organisme hidup karena bahan aktifnya berasal dari senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman yang mudah terurai. Pemanfaatan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman sebagai bahan aktif nematisida nabati didasarkan pada fungsinya bagi tanaman, di antaranya sebagai sarana untuk perlindungan diri dari serangan hama dan penyakit. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Daun tembakau mengandung senyawa nikotin dan secara in vivo mampu membunuh nematoda Meloidogyne incognita dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 berturut-turut sebesar 1,9 dan 3,6 mg ekstrak/ml air. Nematoda yang mati terpapar ekstrak daun tembakau berbentuk keriting (curly), menyerupai bentuk nematoda yang mati terpapar insektisida organo-fosfat dan karbamat yang menghambat pembentukan senyawa acetylcholine dalam sistem syaraf organisme hidup. Fenomena ini dapat dijadikan salah satu indikator untuk mendeteksi cara kerja berbagai senyawa se-kunder tanaman dalam membunuh hama yang hingga kini masih belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan dari penu-lisan tinjauan ini adalah untuk mengkaji prospek ekstrak daun tembakau sebagai nematisida nabati, juga sebagai alternatif diversifikasi pemanfaatan tembakau selain untuk bahan baku rokok.</p><p> </p><p>Botanical nematicide is one type of natural pesticide, which is currently being studied for its role in the control of nematodes. This nematicide is safer for the environment and living organisms as the active ingredient de-rived from secondary metabolite of plants is biodegradable. Utilization of this compound as active ingredients of botanical nematicide is based on naturally used as a mean of self-protection against pests and diseases. One plant that potentially to be used as nematicide is tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Tobacco leaves extract is able to kill the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, with LC50 and LC90 values are 1.9 and 3.6 mg extract/ml of water, respectively. Body of the dead nematodes exposed by this extract shows curly shape similar to that of exposed by an organophosphate and carbamate groups, which acts as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors. Meanwhile the body of naturally dead nematode shows straight shape. This phenomenon can be used as an indicator to detect the mode of action of plant secondary metabolite compounds that have not been widely known. This paper would discuss about possibility of using extracted tobacco leaf as botanical nematicide, and also alternatife of tobacco diversification usage except cigarette.</p>