Streszczenie: Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest próba charakterystyki pokolenia head down w kontekście smartfonizacji społeczeństwa. Dokonano podziału i opisu generacji X, Y, Z, C tworzących pokolenie head down. Zaprezentowane podziały generacyjne i ich opisy nie są jednoznaczne ani ostateczne. Rozbieżności wynikają głównie z różnych ram czasowych dotyczących lat urodzin członków poszczególnych generacji. Owe przesunięcia w czasie spowodowane są uwarunkowaniami społecznymi i historycznymi w USA, Europie i w Polsce. W Polsce bowiem większość ważnych procesów społeczno-kulturowych zachodziła nieco później niż na Zachodzie. Kolejno przedstawiono zalety i wady smartfonizacji społeczeństwa w kontekście społeczno-kulturowym i zdrowotnym. Zwrócono uwagę na nowe zjawiska społeczne, będące konsekwencją smartfonizacji cywilizacji, takie jak: nomofobia, fonoholizm, kokonizm, phubbing.Słowa kluczowe: pokolenie head down, smartfonizacja, generacje X, Y, Z, C, nomofobia. Summary:The purpose of this study is an attempt to characterize the "head down" generation in the context of smartphonization of the society. A breakdown and a description of Generation X, Y, Z, C forming a "head down" generation were made. Generation divisions presented and their descriptions are neither very clear nor final. The discrepancies are mainly due to different time-frame for years of birth of the members of each generation. These time shifts are caused by social and historical circumstances in the USA, Europe and Poland. In Poland most of the important sociocultural processes took place somewhat later than in the West. Then advantages and disadvantages of smartphonization of the society in the socio-cultural and health context were presented. Attention was drawn to new social phenomena, as a consequence of smartphonization of civilization, such as: nomophobia, phonoholism, cocooning, phubbing.

Purpose: This article aims to present integrative medicine as a new treatment model representing the future of health systems globally, including rare diseases. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article consists of three parts. The first one covers the definitions of integrative medicine as well as other terms. The second part of the study deals with the model of patient treatment in integrative medicine. It draws attention to a multidisciplinary and holistic approach to the treatment process. The third part, showing the possibility of using an integrated model in the management of a rare disease, refers to the example of childhood CLN2 dementia. The fourth part of the article focuses on the main challenges facing health systems in the world. Findings: Integrative medicine, combining conventional medicine with alternative medicine, is an innovative approach to the treatment process. It results from the need for individualized, holistic treatment of the patient. Integrative medicine is a challenge and the future of health systems globally in establishing interdisciplinary cooperation and educating medical professionals at the primary healthcare level. The integrated model responds to the needs of people suffering from rare diseases and their families. Practical Implications: Modern medicine should focus on improving communication between all participants of the treatment process and shaping good doctor-patient relations. Planning and policy making should involve conventional and alternative medicine practitioners, as specialists in both medical disciplines would be crucial in integrating health services. These services should be adapted to the culture and requirements of a given community. The integrated model addresses the challenges of rare disease management in the context of the patient and his family. Originality/Value: The concept of integrative medicine shows that the approach is justified in managing rare diseases, treated both causally and symptomatically. Furthermore, it explains the need to consider the perspective of the patient and his family -caregivers and healthy siblings.

The article deals with one of the effects of health inequalities and gaps in access to treatments for rare diseases, namely health-driven emigration. The purpose of the paper is to systematize knowledge about the phenomenon of health emigration observed among families affected by rare diseases, for which reimbursed treatment is available, but only in selected countries. The topic proved to be niche; the issue of “health emigration in rare diseases” is an area for exploration. Therefore, the further analysis used text mining and machine learning methods based on a database selected based on keywords related to this issue. The results made it possible to systematize the guesses made by researchers in management and economic fields, to identify the most common keywords and thematic clusters around the perspective of the patient, drug manufacturer and treatment reimbursement decision-maker, and the perspective integrating all the others. Since the topic of health emigration was not directly addressed in the selected sources, the authors attempted to define the related concepts and discussed the importance of this phenomenon in managing the support system in rare diseases. Thus, they indicated directions for further research in this area.

Purpose:The article aims to present the issue of health literacy in shaping relational communication with patients. The specific goal was to review the literature on health competencies and the doctor-patient relationship. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article bases on a literature study in healthcare, management, and health economics. The study of literature and concepts was carried out based on the desk research method, using professional, scientific databases. The article's author contributed to the development of management and quality sciences by researching the role of health literacy in doctor-patient relational communication. The area of health competencies about the behavior of patients in contact with medical professionals requires further analysis. Findings: Health literacy enables doctors to better communicate with patients and provide them with relevant information to manage and improve their health. Health skills allow patients to control their wellbeing by making informed and wise health care choices and strengthening their relationship with their doctors. Practical Implications: Raising health awareness should become the primary goal of many health systems to protect patients from harm. Health skills should enable the individual to extract knowledge, derive meaning from different sources, and apply new information to changing circumstances. Through health competencies, using a wide range of skills, it is necessary to improve people's ability to act on the data obtained to lead a healthier life. Originality/Value: The presented approach to the topic organizes the information on health literacy and expands doctor-patient communication issues. Health literacy is an important concept that increasingly recognizes the basic skills needed worldwide to maintain good health and access the local health system. This publication can help promote health awareness, shape a proper doctor-patient relationship, and inspire other authors to deepen their health competencies.

The aim of this study is to present the profile of the modern prosumer and analyze their behavior on the health services market in the context of the latest health-promoting trend — lifestyle medicine. The patient’s participation in medical diagnostics was discussed. Attention was paid to the reasons for transformation of medical systems, among others due to changes in the patient’s needs. The theoretical aspects of lifestyle medicine, including evidence-based medicine (EBM), were discussed. Finally, an analysis of the lifestyle of Polish consumers was made based on the results of own study. Less than 20% of respondents are familiar with the term “lifestyle medicine”. Most respondents identify this term with a healthy lifestyle. The respondents’ declarations show that the modern consumer leads a healthy lifestyle, regularly engaging in sports and eating properly balanced meals. As an informed consumer, he or she reads the labels on the packaging and considers each purchase very carefully. He or she is also vulnerable to advertising and other marketing tools, and is aware of this. Nearly 61% of respondents do not know the term “prosumer”. For other people, a prosumer is the modern consumer who consciously and actively makes choices, is involved in co-creating the product and takes part in its promotion.