In this paper, we investigate the influence of airport operation on property prices. In this research, we apply spatial hedonic regression and a difference-in-differences approach to address the introduction of new land use restrictions on property prices. We use data on housing transactions from two housing submarkets around regional airports in Poland. The results suggest that the introduction of land use restrictions impacts property prices. In general, as expected, more rigid restrictions translate into higher discounts in property prices. This research contributes to the limited knowledge on the impact of the introduction of land use restrictions on property prices, as most previous papers have focused solely on the impact of noise. These findings must be treated with caution, as some estimates were not statistically significant, mainly due to limited sample size. The research has important policy implications. Growing airports in Poland face tensions between economic and environmental sustainability. Currently, airports in Poland are obliged to limit their environmental impact by creating limited use areas related to the aircraft related noise while being responsible for property value loss related to these restrictions. As a consequence, most regional airports face significant compensations to property owners.

Tytuł dofinansowany ze środków Narodowego Banku Polskiego oraz ze środków Sekcji Klasyfikacji i Analizy Danych PTS Informacje o naborze artykułów i zasadach recenzowania znajdują się na stronie internetowej Wydawnictwa www.pracenaukowe.ue.wroc.pl www.wydawnictwo.ue.wroc.pl Publikacja udostępniona na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL)

The variables used in statistical research can be measured on different scales. According to Stevens the most common division of measurement scales distinguish four main types: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The chosen scale of measurement implies further the possibility of applying certain statistical methods. For socio-economic research it is frequent that among independent variables appear variables of a qualitative nature. This study presents the idea of the application of the Likert and Osgood scales for the evaluation and quantification of qualitative variables in the real estate valuation process. Taking into account the fact that the property features used in the process of estimating its value are very often measured on weak scales, this research attempted to apply the aforementioned scales to measure the qualitative features of real estate property. Additionally, all the qualitative data can be expressed only on nominal or ordinal scales. This means that they cannot be uncritically treated as metrical variables and their measurement scale implies the possible application of mathematical operations and statistical instruments. On the other hand, by analysing the type and the character of the qualitative features of the property, we can observe a substantial connection of such features with the assessment of their level of intensity expressed as a semantic interval or the acceptance level of a given phenomenon. This paper attempts to show how to apply the scales developed to measure attitudes in order to quantify the qualitative features of real estate property in the valuation process and shows the interval character of the data measured by the Osgood scale through comparison among three correlations specific for the mentioned type of scale.

One of the major fields of actions in sustainable development is energy. The correlation between the number of renewable energy sources and selected socioeconomic variables was already analysed, however, other energy indicators used for sustainable development assessment should be also checked. This issue is especially important outside the biggest cities in Poland due to the different energy use in relation to the density of urban development. The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between the energy use and other factors used to assess the sustainable development on the case of units of rural and semi-rural character. The studies used data from the public statistics system, the objects were NUTS-4 districts, according to the Eurostat classification. Classical statistical methods were used in the causality study: independence tests and correlation and association measures of random variables (Spearman's rank correlation), and materiality tests of particular variables and their groups in linear econometric models. There was a statistically significant cause and effect relationship between electricity consumption and the amount of mixed municipal waste collected from households during the year, the number of household sewage treatment plants, natural growth per 1000 population, demographic dependency ratio, average usable area of a flat, the number of unemployed registered with higher education in relation to the number of people of working age and the share of the long-term unemployed registered at the age of 55-64 in the total number of unemployed at that age. In addition, a strong non-linear correlation relationship with the usable area of a flat per person was obtained. Subsequent research will concern searching for indicated dependencies in groups of similar objects.

The concept of market absorption and carrying capacity in economic terms are adequate to the real estate market, even though the legislator uses only the concept of the absorptive capacity of the area in the planning process. The aim of the study is to discuss the concept of carrying capacity and absorption of the real estate market in economic and planning terms as well as the application of conclusions from literature studies and determination of capacity and absorption on a specific selected local market. In the empirical part, a model of demand for space for detached housing development (market absorption) was built as a function of price, income and expenses for complementary goods. At the same time, as a complementary good for the purchase of land for the construction of a house, the purchase of a flat and purchase of a real estate built-up with a detached house were accepted. On the other hand, reference was made to absorption understood adequately to planning documents. It was discussed whether the concept, interpreted in two ways, leads to the absorption of the same area on the local market. The analysis uses data from the Register of Prices and Values of Starosty County Price and Value Register, planning documents as well as data resources on statistics, and public information and own research.