Western studies indicate the significance of commitment in close emotional relationships. Interpersonal commitment is regarded as a process which is indispensable for building and strengthening close relationships, and is associated with the continuation of relationships between happy or unhappy partners. With this in mind, interpersonal commitment is an important topic for analysis. A theory by Stanley and Markman served as the inspiration for conducting studies on the commitment of partners in permanent relationships in Poland. participants and procedure The results for 260 couples (160 marriages and 100 cohabiting couples) were finally submitted for analysis. All the participants (N = 520) were aged from 19 to 68 (M = 33.01, SD = 11.16). The mean ages of the participants were 31.98 years (SD = 10.95) for women and 34.03 years (SD = 11.30) for men. The Interpersonal Commitment Questionnaire (KZI) was used to analyse the perception of the relationships; this is the Polish version of the Commitment Inventory by Stanley and Markman. results The present findings indicate that marriages tend to portend better than cohabitations. The permanence of marriage is based on dedication, reflecting the significance of the relationship, and constraint commitment, which regards concern for the partner's well-being. The latter may hinder partners, especially men, from leaving the relationship. conclusions Studies conducted in Poland tend to produce very similar results to those performed in the US concerning the level of commitment by partners in cohabiting relationships. It may be concluded that the type of commitment is specified more closely by the form of the relationship rather than the socio-cultural conditions in which the couples live.

<b>Background</b><br /> The modern preference for the independence of an individual and an individualistic attitude does not make for favourable conditions for the sense of security, a consequence of which may be the inability of an individual to build and sustain close emotional relationships with others. The sense of security, which is determined by a durable relationship and confidence in its future, is especially important for the health of an individual.<br /> The goal of the current study was to assess the sense of security among women of different marital status (single, cohabiting and married). It was also investigated how the women assess their economic status and if it is correlated with their sense of security.<br /> <br /> <b>Participants and procedure</b><br /> Two hundred and forty women with secondary or higher education, aged between 24 and 35, took part in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: single (80 women), cohabiting (82 women) and married (78 women).<br /> <br /> <b>Results</b><br /> Sense of security differentiated single and married women only in the aspect of the sense of stability, whereas all of the other dimensions of the sense of safety differentiated married women and cohabiting women. Married women scored significantly higher. Economic status of the participants did not have an influence on their sense of security.<br /> <br /> <b>Conclusions</b><br /> Treating a relationship as something temporary negatively influenced the sense of safety of cohabiting women. It is however impossible to exclude the possibility of a selection bias, where the women with a higher sense of safety have higher chances to form a legalized and stable relationship than women with a lower sense of security.

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it aims to confront Hegel's ideas on the interaction between universality, particularity and singularity with those of Butler and to show that Butler's universal is dynamic and infinitely selfrenewing. Second, it aims to engage with Butler's politics of translation and to demonstrate how a Levinasian perspective on Hegelian dialectics changes the functioning of the universal. In relation to this claim, the article will also demonstrate how the structural failure in translation and performativity allows for the constant circulation of the universal and, as a consequence, brings about social and political transformation.

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The main goal of this article is to establish a structure of the knowledge of communication inside of intercultural marriages. For that, two main goals will be pursued. The first one is about the organization of basic knowledge about mixed marriages. This basic knowledge is subdivided into the exogamy, which leads to the focus on problematic fields, for they are common in mentioned marriages. The fields are dependent on factors such as religiosity/religion and the relation towards the family of origin. The second goal is the highlighting of a process, that clarifies the choice of languages inside these partnerships, which in the following is going to underline the impact and influence of each partner’s culture towards the act of communication. The authors are going to apply basic theorems (mainly Hofstede) of intercultural psychology. Communication, hereby, will be spotlighted in the context of marital satisfaction.