Background: Diabetes and Nephrotic syndrome (NS) promote plaque-related gingivitis and yeast-like fungal infections. The study assesses the impact of Candida spp. and general disease-or treatment-related factors on plaque-related gingivitis severity in children and adolescents with Nephrotic syndrome /diabetes. Methods: Body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score, and oral cavity (Plaque Index -PLI, Gingival Index -GI, mucosa status, presence and Candida enzymatic activity) were assessed in 96 patients (32 with NS: 30-immunosuppressive treatment, 35 -type 1 diabetes, and 29 generally healthy), aged; 3-18 years. Laboratory included cholesterol and triglyceride measurements; in diabetic subjects-glycated haemoglobin, in NS: total protein, albumin, creatinine, haemoglobin, haematocrit, white cell count, urinary protein excretion. Medical records supplied information on disease duration and treatment. A statistical analysis was performed; Kendall Tau coefficient, chi-square test, t-test, and multiple regression analysis ( P < 0.05).

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The incidence of DKA is high and remained unchanged over the last 5 years. Increasing the awareness of symptoms of DKA is recommended among children <5 years of age (especially <2 years of age) and aged 10-12. Children <2 years of age and girls were at the highest risk of severe DKA.

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