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Groundwater resource is found beneath the earth crust within the pore spaces or voids between soil particles. Successful groundwater exploration either for domestic, agricultural or industrial uses, pre-drilling information is necessary to determine the depth and yield of groundwater location. Detailed knowledge of the aquifer layer as well as the lithology composition in any successful borehole drilling project is paramount and essential that cannot be ignored. Different geological formations have different groundwater yield potential; therefore, understanding these formations in groundwater exploration becomes imperative. This study adopts Vertical Electrical sounding in sixteen locations group into four stations using geotron G41 earth resistivity meter; with Wenner configuration and maximum electrode spacing at 400m. The resistivity results were processed using the res1d.exe inversion software. Sounding curves were plotted as apparent resistivity against electrode spacing in Wenner electrode array. Representative resistivity sounding curves types obtained after inversion was used to delineate the aquifer and 1D geoelectric sections. The results show five geoelectric layers in the study area namely: top layer, Clay/sand, Clay, Sand Stone and Sand Clay layer. The groundwater bearing layer varies between 37-70 meters across the study Area.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a potential application of remote sensing to geological and hydrometeorological hazards. This paper presents sustainability strategies for smart cities: the use of SAR Sentinel-1 for monitoring flood inundation and landslide hazards in Aceh Province, Indonesia. In this study, for flood detection, we attempt to uses Sentinel-1A (S-1A) in the same direction and acquisition through polarization of Vertical transmit and Vertical received (VV) – Vertical transmit and Horizontal received (VH) with a temporal baseline of 6 days. Those data were then analysed using the SNAP Toolbox. The results showed that the S-1A was successfully for detecting a flood inundation in which VH polarization is more sensitive than VV. For landslide monitoring, we apply multitemporal SAR images, where one of them is the Quasi-Persistent Scatterers (Q-PS) technique. Using ascending and descending orbit pass results in a better velocity map where both sides of the slope are detected due to the different sensor angle of both orbital passes. This technique has resulted in the undulating areas being monitored well and this will also fill the gap of layover and shadowing phenomena of the slant range SAR image. The Q-PS combinations were very effective to identify the deformation features associated with the land movement. For a smart city, natural hazards such as landslides and floods require continuous monitoring to ensure the potential as well as management and mitigation of natural hazards. Therefore, the InSAR technique is one of the effective ways for doing this strategy.

Flooding occurs periodically in Malaysia and has become a common occurrence. This annual occurrence of floods has given a big impact on lives of humans and other living being. Due to the negative impact of floods, we need to pay serious attention and take an alternatives way to reduce this disaster. This paper reviews previous articles relating to flood disaster management in Malaysia based on electronic databases which are subscribed by the university library. The flood disaster management in Malaysia involves four phases, which are prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The disaster prevention/mitigation and preparedness are the best way forward because if these two phases were successfully handled, the burden of the next phases will be reduced. Besides, the agencies responsible for the management of floods in Malaysia have been identified in this study. The usage of technology for managing flood events has also been reviewed. The role of communities affected by the floods is no less important. Their awareness and readiness in facing the flood disaster are indispensable so that the negative impacts resulted from the disasters can be minimised. Therefore, the community should be educated to improve their awareness regarding flood management especially on how and what to prepare for flood as well as how to react during the flood.

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