cognitive reserve has a protective effect with regard to the impact of TBI on cognitive test performance but this effect is imperfect and does not completely negate the effect of injury severity.

Successful implementation of chlorination for disinfecting community water systems in developing countries faces obstacles, with rejection of chlorinous flavor as a significant factor. Determining consumers' abilities to accurately detect chlorine in treated water is important to identifying acceptable chlorination levels that are also effective for water disinfection. Chlorine detection sensitivity was tested in untrained Ecuadorian consumers with limited prior experience with chlorinated water and US consumers with extensive prior experience with chlorinated water.Water samples with free chlorine concentrations up to 3.0 mg/L were presented for flavor testing.Ecuadorian consumers showed higher sensitivity, being able to detect chlorination at 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L, while US consumers did not reliably detect chlorine presence for any concentration levels. Additionally, Ecuadorian consumers' rejection of water samples depended on chlorination, showing a statistically significant increase in rejections of samples with chlorine concentrations above 1.0 mg/L. On the other hand, although US consumers rejected more samples overall, their tendency to reject did not vary as a function of chlorination levels. This study demonstrated that limited experience with chlorination is a critical factor for accurate chlorine flavor detection in drinking water. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited by guest the best evidence-based methods to achieve an accurate description of a substance's (e.g. water) flavor.Affective tests, on the other hand, differ from analytic tests in terms of purpose and implementation. These types of tests are primarily responsible for determining group 429 J. Stout et al. | Chlorine flavor perception

The use of PIT tags has rapidly proliferated since their introduction, and new mobile detection methods have been developed. However, the presence of ghost tags (i.e., PIT tags left in the system after a fish dies) creates uncertainty about the status (live or dead) of tags detected. Herein, we describe our raft‐based mobile PIT tag antenna system, which was used to evaluate the movements of “seeded tags” (i.e., PIT tags that we placed in the river as ghost tag analogs) and their interactions with habitat features. We deployed 5,000 seeded tags in the San Juan River, a large sand‐bed river in the southwestern USA. Total distances moved by PIT tags ranged from 0.8 to 4,124 m, but 75% of movements were less than 100 m. Flow conditions causing the smallest to largest movements were (1) base flows, (2) spring runoff flows, (3) flash flood flows, and (4) a combination of spring runoff and flash flood flows. Based on Ivlev's electivity index, tags were more likely to be detected in riffles than in runs. These findings will help to classify mobile PIT tag detections as ghost tags or live fish, a critical data gap limiting the accurate estimation of demographic rates, population status metrics, and descriptions of the habitat use of fishes.

Objective To assess the relationship between cerebral oxygenation in the first 72 h of life and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years corrected age in former premature infants. Study design Prospective observational cohort study of 127 infants <32 weeks GA at birth with cerebral oxygenation monitoring using NIRS in the first 72 h of life. Results Using a threshold cutoff for cerebral hypoxia, infants with NDI or death had increased duration of hypoxia (4 vs 2.3%, p = 0.001), which was more pronounced in the 23-27 week subgroup (7.6 vs 3.2%, p < 0.001). Individual generalized estimating equations to adjust for repeated measures were modeled in this subgroup for the physiologic parameters including StO 2. StO 2 < 67% was a predictor for death or NDI (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.006, 7.5132, p = 0.049). Conclusion An increased duration of cerebral hypoxia is associated with NDI or death in infants born <32 weeks GA.

The New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an invasive species that can be transported to and established in new bodies of water on gear used by aquatic professionals, anglers, and aquatic recreationists. Sparquat 256, a standard disinfectant for controlling the spread of mudsnails, was recently discontinued by the manufacturer. Our objective was to find an industrial‐strength, commercially available quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that could replace Sparquat 256 for disinfection purposes. The efficacy of three products—Quat 4, Green Solutions High Dilutions Disinfectant 256 (GS 256), and Super HDQ Neutral (Super HDQ)—were tested using bath disinfection at multiple concentrations and exposure durations. For bath disinfection purposes, GS 256 and Super HDQ were the most effective. Super HDQ caused higher mortality rates at 48 h postexposure and was therefore tested and found to be highly effective for spray disinfection to prevent transporting mudsnails on field equipment. Regardless of the QAC chosen, we recommend a bath disinfection rate of 0.4% and a spray disinfection rate of 0.8% QACs in solution with an exposure duration of 10 min. These concentrations meet or exceed minimum effective disinfection requirements for quagga mussels Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha, whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis, and chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Received January 8, 2015; accepted November 8, 2015 Published online March 22, 2016