Effects of inadequate lifestyle and diets during the developmental period on the occurrence of some risk factors of atherosclerosis dependent diseasesNumerous changes taking place in Poland since the 80's of the previous century, apart from their advantages, which undoubtedly included better availability of food and higher consumption, also resulted in an increase in the energy value supplied to the organism from easily accessible food products. This is expressed in higher percentage of obese individuals in the general population (1, 2). Year after year the problems connected with the maintenance of proper body weight are observed in an increasingly high number of children (3). According to Szadkowska et al. ( 4), at present, overweight affects 2.5-12% of children and teenagers in Poland. Over 95% of obese children suffer from simple (primary) obesity caused by positive energy balance ( 1).An excessive increase in the number of adipose cells in childhood may contribute to the development of obesity in adulthood. In adult obesity mainly the sizes of adipose cells get bigger while their number does not change, hence it seems extremely important to reduce an excessive fatty tissue increase in childhood when the number of cells rises irreversibly (5). Not every obese child has to develop obesity in adulthood. However, if obesity maintains throughout childhood and adolescence, over 30% of boys and 40% of girls are at risk of adult obesity (6). Higher incidence of obesity is associated with higher incidence of obesity-related diseases and their occurrence at still younger and younger age (4).Excessive fatty tissue and disorders of lipid metabolism carry the risk of early atherosclerosis, diabetes type 2, arterial hypertension as well as some neoplasms (7). Until recently the atherogenic effects of risk factors were associated mainly with age, although the presence of discreet atheromatous changes during the developmental age had already been detected a long time ago (2, 8). It has been demonstrated that atheromatous changes in blood vessels may develop in childhood and progress for many years before the first symptoms of the disease are observed. Thus early prevention of atherosclerosis requires early diagnosis of risk factors. These factors include: obesity, lipid abnormalities, low physical activity, bad dietary habits, environmental pollution.Inadequate diet and low physical activity belong to high risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and therefore the study was conducted to analyse the risks related to improper dietary habits and lifestyle. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe study included 57 pupils aged 11 (group A) and 12 (group B) years from one of Lublin elementary schools. During the study the height and body weight were measured. On the basis of

Rational, that is regular, varied and moderate nutrition is the precondition to mental as well as physical fitness. University students constitute a specific community, in which irregular lifestyle, dietary habits related to it, addictions and stressful environment are likely to lead to future health consequences such as e.g. civilization diseases. Monitoring of these dietary habits may reveal possible defects and abnormalities, which is essential in working out suitable educational programmes. SUMMARYThe main aim of the study was to assess qualitatively the dietary habits of female students of the Medical University of Lublin in the academic year 2006/2007. The study was conducted among 82 students in autumn (October-November) 2006. The 24-hour dietary questionnaire and the album of photos of products and meals of various size portions designed in the Institute of Nutrition in Warsaw were used. The number of meals and their qualitative composition were assessed in the study and

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe incidence of pelvic fractures in geriatric population has been increasing. The diagnostic method of first choice is plain pelvic anteroposterior X-ray which, however, mostly reveals merely the pubic rami fractures. The pain caused by undiagnosed lesion of the posterior pelvic segment may substantially reduce the patient s mobility, thus also their self-sufficiency which is crucial in elderly patients. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of an occult injury to the posterior pelvic ring in patients with an X-ray finding of pubic rami fractures only. MATERIAL AND METHODSThroughout a three-year period (2017-2019), the incidence of an occult injury to the posterior pelvic ring was evaluated by means of a CT scan in 50 patients aged 65 years and over, in whom the plain anteroposterior pelvic radiograph initially revealed only the pubic rami fractures. The mean age of 35 women and 15 men was 76 years (the range of 65-94 years). RESULTSIn 15 patients (30%) only, the CT scan confirmed the isolated pubic rami fracture. In the remaining 35 cases (70%), the CT scan revealed an injury to the posterior pelvic segment, namely in 32 cases ipsilaterally, in one case contralaterally and in two patients bilaterally. In 4 patients (8%) only, signs of the injury to the posterior pelvic segment were subsequently found on the plain X-ray of the pelvis. DISCUSSIONDiagnosis of a pubic rami fracture in geriatric patients solely based on the performed X-ray can be misleading. It has been proven in our prospective study that majority of injuries to posterior pelvic ring is not detected on the plain X-ray, which is also the conclusion arrived at by foreign authors. The CT scan alone can safely determine the actual extent of the pelvic injury. While the isolated injuries to the anterior pelvic ring show biomechanical stability, and thus are less painful and can be successfully treated non-operatively, the associated injuries to the posterior pelvic ring can cause a certain degree of instability, which has to be reflected in treatment strategy. CONCLUSIONSInjuries to the posterior pelvic segment in geriatric population are much more frequent than expected. They are, however, rarely distinguishable on a plain radiograph. Often times, only the pubic rami fractures are clearly visible. The fractures of posterior segment tend to be accompanied by a higher number of complications and a worse prognosis. A reliable method to detect these injuries is the unenhanced CT scan of the pelvis that should be performed routinely in all the patients with pubic rami fractures identified on a radiograph. In cases when pain substantially limits the mobilisation of the patients, minimally invasive surgical treatment should be considered.

The functioning of an organism and occurrence of various diseases depend, among other things, on the quality and quantity of food consumed. According to Szponar (1), 30-50 of nosological entities or health abnormalities are caused by inadequate health quality of food, bad dietary habits and substance abuse. Therefore, the studies on dietary habits should be carried out to determine the dietary tendencies of a given population and possible abnormalities. Monitoring of dietary habits and their health effects provides the grounds to design appropriate dietary policy.